Table Of ContentC
linical
U
ltrasound
Commissioning Editor: Michael Houston
Development Editor: Ben Davie
Editorial Assistant: Rachael Harrison/Kirsten Lowson
Project Manager: Elouise Ball
Design: Charles Gray
Illustration Manager: Gillian Richards
Illustrator: Amanda Williams
Marketing Manager (UK/USA): Gaynor Jones/Tracie Pasker
C
linical
U
ltrasound
T H I R D E D I T I O N
Edited by
Paul L. Allan
BSc MBChB DMRD FRCR FRCPE
Consultant Radiologist
Department of Radiology
Royal Infirmary
Edinburgh, UK
Grant M. Baxter
MBChB FRCR
Consultant Radiologist
Department of Radiology
Western Infirmary
Glasgow, UK
Michael J. Weston
MBChB MRCP FRCR
Consultant Radiologist
Department of Radiology
St James’s University Hospital
Leeds, UK
Section Editors
Ian Beggs David W. Pilling
MBChB FRCR MBChB DCH DMRD FRCR FRCPCH
Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist Consultant Paediatric Radiologist
Department of Radiology Department of Radiology
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder
Edinburgh, UK Hey
Liverpool, UK
Norman McDicken
BSc PhD FIPEM
Emeritus Professor
Medical Physics
Edinburgh University
Edinburgh, UK
© 2011, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
First edition 1993
Second edition 2001
Third edition 2011
The right of Paul L. Allan, Grant M. Baxter and Michael J. Weston to be identified as authors of
this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permis-
sion, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with
organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can
be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experi-
ence broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on
their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, com-
pounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be
mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a
professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of
each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and
duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying
on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine
dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety
precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instruc-
tions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-7020-3131-1
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
The
Working together to grow
publisher’s
libraries in developing countries policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PREFACE
Ultrasound remains one of the most frequently used and valuable modalities for imaging
and guiding interventional procedures. The number of ultrasound examinations carried out
world-wide continues to increase and the global sales of ultrasound equipment, both new
and refurbished, is increasing at some 3-5% each year. The flexibility, ease of use, range of appli-
cations and relatively low cost of the equipment make ultrasound an important investigative
imaging tool.
The first and second editions of this book, edited by David Cosgrove, Keith Dewbury, Hylton
Meire and Pat Farrant, were a great success, providing information and advice across the full
range of diagnostic ultrasound. They were essential reading for those training in ultrasound and
a source of information for many sonographers and sonologists across the world.
Techniques, hardware and data processing have all evolved and progressed at a rapid rate since
the second edition of this book was published in 2001. As a result of these developments, ultra-
sound equipment is now available in more sizes, specifications and complexity than ever before
and this has enabled many different types of clinician to use ultrasound in particular niche areas,
in addition to the more general imaging function that it has always provided.
The chapters in the two volumes of this book cover all aspects of general ultrasound, as well
as more specialised areas such as peripheral vascular and ophthalmic ultrasound. Some areas,
such as musculoskeletal ultrasound, have developed into major applications of ultrasound and
this is now essential to the management of patients with a wide variety of muscle and joint
disorders. There has therefore been a significant enhancement of the coverage of these areas in
this new edition.
Conversely, detailed fetal and maternal obstetric scanning in the mid and final trimesters has
followed cardiac echography into a separate sphere of expertise. There are many excellent text
books dealing with these aspects, therefore, the editors felt that a comprehensive review of obstet-
ric scanning was best left to these volumes. However, first trimester problems will still be seen
by sonographers undertaking general scanning so an account of these is included in this book.
The potential applications of echo enhancing agents, or microbubbles, have developed and
changed significantly since the publication of the second edition of this book. Originally developed
to rescue inadequate Doppler examinations, interesting properties of these agents have led to
potential uses delivering drugs and genes.
The editors of the third edition of Clinical Ultrasound are extremely grateful to the many
experts in their particular fields of ultrasound who have contributed the authoritative, compre-
hensive and informative chapters that make up this book. In particular, our thanks go to Ian
Beggs, David Pilling and Norman McDicken, who were responsible for coordinating the musculo-
skeletal, paediatric and physics sections of the book. We are also very grateful to Michael Houston,
Ben Davie and all the other staff at Elsevier who have worked on the many aspects of publication
between the first outline discussions and the final published product.
Paul Allan
Grant Baxter
Michael Weston
xi
