Clinical Scholar Model OBSERVE & REFLECT CRITIQUE & ANALYZE SYNTHESIZE APPLY ...

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EVIDENCE-BASED
PRACTICE
in Nursing & Healthcare
AA GGUUIIDDEE TTOO BBEESSTT PPRRAACCTTIICCEE
● Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, CPNP/PMHNP,
FNAP, FAAN
Dean and Distinguished Foundation Professor in Nursing
Arizona State University College of Nursing & Health Innovation
Phoenix, Arizona
Associate Editor, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing
Partner, ARCC llc; President, COPE for HOPE, Inc.
Founder and Chair, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners’ (NAPNAP)
KySS (Keep your children/yourself Safe and Secure) Campaign
Promoting the Mental Health of Children, Teens & Families
Member, The United States Preventive Services Task Force
● Ellen Fineout-Overholt, PhD, RN, FNAP, FAAN
Clinical Professor and Director
Center for Advancement of Evidence-Based Practice
Arizona State University College of Nursing & Health Innovation
Phoenix, Arizona
Partner, ARCC llc
second edition
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2nd edition
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by
copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval
system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical
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as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Melnyk, Bernadette Mazurek.
Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare : a guide to best practice / Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk,
Ellen Fineout-Overholt.—2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Other title: Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60547-778-7
1. Evidence-based nursing. 2. Evidence-based medicine. I. Fineout-Overholt, Ellen. II. Title. III. Title:
Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare.
[DNLM: 1. Evidence-Based Nursing—methods—Practice Guideline. 2. Nurse Clinicians—Practice
Guideline. WY 100.7 M527e 2011]
RT42.M44 2011
610.73—dc22
2010007467
Care has been taken to confi rm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted
practices. However, the author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any
consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this
information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical
treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The author(s), editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and
dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of
publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant
fl ow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package
insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This
is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care
provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice.
LWW.com
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I dedicate this book to my loving, understanding, and supportive family:
my husband, John, and my three daughters, Angela, Megan, and Kaylin,
as well as to my father, who always taught me that anything can be
accomplished with a spirit of enthusiasm and determination.
Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk
The second edition of this book is dedicated to my precious family, Wayne and
Rachael, who are my inspiration; to my Mom, Virginia Fineout, who believes
in me and what we are trying to accomplish; and in loving memory of
my Dad, Arthur J. Fineout, who taught me to think critically,
apply what I learned, and never give up.
Ellen Fineout-Overholt
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cc oo nn tt rr ii bb uu tt oo rr ss
Anne Wojner Alexandrov, PhD, APRN, CCRN, FAAN Barbara B. Brewer, PhD, RN, MALS, MBA
Professor Director of Professional Practice
University of Alabama at Birmingham John C. Lincoln North Mountain Hospital
Birmingham, Alabama Phoenix, Arizona
Chapter 10 Chapter 10
Karen Balakas, PhD, RN, CNE Terri L. Brown, MSN, RN, CPN
Professor and Director of Clinical Research/EBP Research Specialist
Partnerships Texas Children’s Hospital
Goldfarb School of Nursing Houston, Texas
Barnes-Jewish College Chapter 9
St. Louis, Missouri
Donna Ciliska, PhD, RN
Chapter 14
Scientifi c Co-Director of the National C ollaborating
Centre for Methods and Tools and Professor
Patricia E. Benner, PhD, RN, FRCN, FAAN
School of Nursing
Professor Emerita (former Thelma Shobe Endowed
McMaster University
Chair in Ethical and Spirituality)
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
University of California San Francisco Chapter 11
San Francisco, California
Robert Cole, PhD
Chapter 7 Associate Professor of Clinical Nursing
University of Rochester
Donna R. Berryman, MLS
Rochester, New York
Assistant Director of Education and Information
Services Chapter 17
School of Medicine and Dentistry
John F. Cox III, MD
University of Rochester
Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine
Rochester, New York
School of Medicine and Dentistry
Chapter 3 University of Rochester
Rochester, New York
Cecily L. Betz, PhD, RN, FAAN
Chapter 13
Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
Department of Pediatrics Laura Cullen, MA, RN, FAAN
Keck School of Medicine Evidence-Based Practice Coordinator
Director of Nursing Training University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Director of Research Iowa City, Iowa
USC Center for Excellence in Developmental
Chapter 11
Disabilities
Children’s Hospital Deborah Dang, PhD, RN, NEA-BC
Los Angeles, California Director of Nursing
Editor-in-Chief Practice, Education, Research
Journal of Pediatric Nursing: Nursing Care of Johns Hopkins Hospital
Children and Families Baltimore, Maryland
Chapter 16 Chapter 11
v
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Contributors
Alba DiCenso, PhD, RN Robin P. Newhouse, PhD, RN, CNAA, BC
Professor Assistant Dean
School of Nursing Doctor of Nursing Practice Studies
McMaster University Associate Professor
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada School of Nursing
University of Maryland
Chapter 11
Annapolis, Maryland
Doris Grinspun, PhD, RN Chapter 11
Executive Director
Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario Dónal P. O’Mathúna, PhD
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Senior Lecturer in Ethics, Decision-Making
and Evidence
Chapter 8
School of Nursing
Marilyn J. Hockenberry, PhD, RN, PNP-BC, FAAN Dublin City University
Professor of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
Baylor College of Medicine
Chapters 5 and 20
Houston, Texas
Chapter 9 Bethel Ann Powers, RN, PhD
Professor and Director
Sheila Hofstetter, MLS, AHIP Evaluation Offi ce
Health Sciences Librarian University of Rochester School of Nursing
Arizona State University Rochester, New York
Noble Science and Engineering Library
Chapters 6, 18, and Appendix C
Tempe, Arizona
Chapter 3 Tom Rickey, BA
vi Manager of National Media Relations and Senior
Linda Johnston, PhD, RN Science Editor
Professor and Chair of Neonatal Nursing University of Rochester Medical Center
Research Rochester, New York
The Royal Children’s Hospital
Chapter 16
Parkville
Deputy Head of School and Associate Head Brett W. Robbins, MD
( Research) Associate Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics
School of Nursing University of Rochester
The University of Melbourne Rochester, New York
Murdoch Children’s Research Institute
Chapter 13
Melbourne, Australia
Chapter 5 Jo Rycroft-Malone, PhD, MSc, BSc (Hon), RN
Professor of Health Services and Implementation
June H. Larrabee, PhD, RN Research
Professor and Clinical Investigator School of Healthcare Sciences
West Virginia University and West Virginia Bangor University
University Hospitals Frowheulog, Bangor, United Kingdom
Charleston, West Virginia
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Alyce A. Schultz, PhD, RN, FAAN
Victoria Wynn Leonard, RN, FNP, PhD Consultant
Assistant Professor EBP Concepts, Alyce A. Schultz & Associates,
University of San Francisco School of Nursing LLC
San Francisco, California Chandler, Arizona
Chapter 7 Chapter 11
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Contributors
Kathryn A. Smith, RN, MN Susan B. Stillwell, DNP, RN, CNE
Associate Director for Administration Clinical Associate Professor and Expert EBP
USC University Center for Excellence in Develop- Mentor
mental Disabilities College of Nursing and Health Innovation
Children’s Hospital Arizona State University
Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Phoenix, Arizona
Keck School of Medicine
Chapters 2 and 13
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California Nancy Watson, PhD, RN
Associate Professor and Director
Chapter 16
John A. Hartford Foundation Community
Julia Sollenberger, MLS Initiative & Center for Clinical Research
Director on Aging
Health Science Libraries and Technologies University of Rochester School of Nursing
University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York
Rochester, New York
Appendix I
Chapter 3
Kathleen M. Williamson, PhD, RN
Cheryl B. Stetler, PhD, RN, FAAN Clinical Associate Professor and Associate
Consultant Director
EBP and Evaluation Center for the Advancement of Evidence-Based
Amherst, Massachusetts Practice
College of Nursing and Health Innovation
Chapter 11
Arizona State University
Kathleen R. Stevens, RN, EdD, FAAN Phoenix, Arizona
Professor and Director vii
Chapter 13
Academic Center for Evidence-Based Nursing
The University of Texas Health Science Center
at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
Chapter 4
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