Clinical Manual and Review of Transesophageal Echocardiography

657 Pages·49.217 MB·English

by  Mathew J., Ayoub C., Swaminathan M.

CLINICMAALN UAL
ANDR EVIEOWF
TRANESS OPHAGEAL
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
SeconEdd ition
Editebdy
JosephM atheMwD,, M HSc. ChakiMb.A youbM,D
P.
PorefssoofAr n eesstihology AssaotPceori efssor
ChfiD,ei viosfCi aortndh ioorAanceisct hesiolDoegpyta mreonfAt ne setshiology
DuekU nveirysM ietdiCceanlt er AmerniU cniavietoryfsB eiMreudtiC ceanlt er
Duhram,t hCN aroolrina Beriu,Lt beanon
ClcilaAn sitsaiPnsortef ssor
MadhaSvw aminathMaDn,, DeptamreonfAt ne setshiology
YalUeni vietSrysc hoofMo edli cine
FASEF,A HA
NewH avCeonne,nc ctuit
AssaotPceori efssoofAr ns etehsiology
DriecPteorri,ao tpiEevcrechr aoidoragphy
DuekU nveirysM ietdiCceanlt er
DuhramN,o rtCharo lina
NeYwo rIkC hicaIgS oaF nr acnocI L iissIbL oondn oInM adrIMi edx iCtciyo
MilIa Nne wD ehliIS aJnu aInS o euIlS inograIepS yndeIyT oronto
Th•M cGraw·HIICIo pmo ntes
Copyri©g ht byT heM cGraw-HCiolmlp anieIsn,cA .l lr ighrtess ervEexdc.e patsp ermitutnedde trh eU niteSdt atCeosp yrigAhctt
2010
of nop arotf t hipsu blicamtaiyob ne r eproduocred di stribiunat neydf ormo rb ya nym eanso,rs torienda databaosrre e trieval
1976,
systewmi,t hotuhtep riowrr ittpeenr missoifot nh ep ublisher.
ISBN:
978-0-07-163628-5
11JIU): 0-07-163628-5
Them ateriinat lh iesB ooka lsaop peairnst hep rivnetr sioofnt hitsi tIlSeB:N :
978-0-I60 378-07-4,
11JIU): 0-07-163807-5.
Allt rademaarrkets r ademaorfkt sh eirre spectoiwvnee rRsa.t hetrh apnu ta trademasrykm boalft eerv e1oyc curreonfca e t rademarked
namew,e usen ameisn a ne ditorfiaaslh ioonnl ya,n dt ot heb enefiotft hetr ademaorwkn erw,i tnho i ntentoifio nnf ringeomfet nhtet rade­
markW.h erseu cdhe signatiaopnpse ari nt hibso okt,h ehya veb eepnr intweidt ihn itciaapls .
McGraw-HeiBlolo kasr ea vailaabtsl pee ciqaula ntdiitsyc outnotu ss ea sp remiuamnsd s alepsr omotioonrfs o,ur s ei nc orporattrea ining
prograTmosc .o ntaacr te presentpalteiavese-e m auisla tb [email protected].
Notice
Mediciinsea ne ver-chansgciinegn Acsen .e wr esearacnhdc liniecxaple riebnrcoea doeunr k nowledcghea,n gienst reatmaenndtd rug
theraapryer equirTehdee. d itoarnsdt hep ublisohfet rh iwso rkh avec heckweidt sho urcbeesl ievteobd e r eliaibnlt eh eeiffro rttosp ro­
vidien formatthiaoitnsc ompleatnedg enerailnla cyc orwdi tthh es tandaarcdcse ptaettd h et imoef p ublicaHtoiwoenv.e irn,v iewo ft he
possibiolfhi utym ane rroorrc hangiensm edicsacli encneesi,t htehree ditonrosrt hep ublisnhoerar n yo thepra rty whoh asb eeinn volved
int hep reparaotrip ounb licaotfit ohniw so rkw aJTanttsh atth ei nformactoinotna ihneerde iisni ne verrye speacctc uraotrce o mpleatned,
thedyi sclaailrmle sponsifboiarln iytye rroorrso missioornf so trh er esulotbst ainfreodm useo ft hei nformactoinotna iinnet dh iwso rk.
Readearrsee ncouratgoec do nfirtmh ei nfo1mactoinotna ihneerde wiint oht hesro urcFeosr.e xamplaen di np a1ticurleaard,ea rrsea dvised
toc hectkh ep roduicntf 01matsihoenei tn cludientd h ep ackagoefe achd rug thepyl atno a dministtobe erc ertatihnat th ei nf01mation
containetdh iwso rki sa ccuraantde t hacth angheasv neo tb eemna dei nt her ecommenddeods oer i nt hec ontraindicfaoatrdi moinniss ­
in.
tratiTohni.rs e commendaitsio ofpn a rticular importance
inc onnectwiiotnnh e wo ri nfrequenutsleydd l ugs.
TERMSOFUSE
Thiiss a c opyrighwtoerdka ndT heM cGraw-HCiolmlp aniIensc,(. " McGraHwi lla"n)di tlsi censroersse ravlerl i ghitnas n dt ot hew ork.
Useo ft hiwso rki ss ubjetcott h estee rmEsx.c epatsp e1mitutnedde trh eC opyrigAhctto f andt her ighttos toraen dr etrioenvee
1976
copyo ft hew orky,o um ayn otd ecompidlies,a ssemrbelvee,re sneg inereerp,r odumcoed,i fyc,r eadteer ivawtoirvkebs a seudp ont,r ans­
mitd,i stribduitses,e minsaetlepl,u, b liosrhs ublicetnhsewe o rko ra nyp arotf i tw ithoMuctG raw-Hiplrli'oscr o nsenYto.um ayu set he
workf ory ouorw nn oncommercainadpl e rsonuaslea ;n yo theurs eo fthew orki ss tricptrloyh ibiYtoeudrr. i ghttou set hew orkm ayb e
terminaitfye oduf aitloc omplwyi tthh estee rms.
THE WORK ISP ROVIDED" ASI S.M"c GRAW-HILALN D ITSL ICENSORMSA KE NO GUARANTEESO R WARRANTIESA S
TO THEA CCURACY,A DEQUACY OR COMPLETENESSO F OR RESULTST O BE OBTAINEDF ROM USINGT HE WORK,I N­
CLUDING INFORMATIONTH AT CAN BE ACCESSEDT HROUGH THE WORK VIAH YPERLINKO R OTHERWISEA,N D
ANY
EXPRESSLYD ISCLAIM EXPRESSO R IMPLIEDI,N CLUDINGB UT NOT LIMITEDT O IMPLIEDW AR­
ANY WARRANTY,
RANTIESO F MERCHANTABILITOYR FITNESFSO R A PARTICULARP URPOSEM.c Graw-Hainldli tlsi censdoorn so tw arrant
org uaranttheaett h efu nctiocnosn taiinnet dh ew orkw ilmle ety ourre quiremoernt thsai tt osp eratwiiol11bl e u ninterrourpe trerdof rr ee.
NeithMecrG raw-Hniolrli tlsi censsohraslb lel iabtloye o uo ra nyoneel sfeo ra ny inaccuerrraocoryro , m issiroeng,a rdloefcs asu sien,
thew orko rf oarn yd amagerse sulttihnegr efroMmc.G raw-Hhialsln or esponsifboitrlh iect oyn teonfat n yi nformaatcicoens stehdr ough
thew orkU.n denro c ircumstasnhcaelMslc Graw-Hainldl/ iotrls i censboerl si abfloera nyi ndireicntc,i denstpaelc,ip auln,i ticvoen,s e­
quentoiras li miladra magetsh arte sufrlotm theu seo fo ri nabitliout syet hew orke,v einf a nyo ft hemh asb eeand visoefdt hep ossibility
ofs ucdha mageTsh.i lsi mitaotfil oina bislhiatlaylp pltyoa nyc laiomrc ausweh atsoewvheert hseurc chl aiomr c ausaer isiencs o ntract,
torotro therwise.
Conetnst
Contbruitors vii
Forewrod xi
Prefcae xiii
1.B ASTIRCA NSESOPEHCAHGOECAALR DIOGRAPHY
FundamentoafUl lst rasoIumnadg ing
Chatpe1r PHYSICOSFU LTRASOUNIDM AGING
BriPa.Bn a rrMiicahkiV, . PodgoraenadEn duw,a rdP rokop
K.
Chatpe2r UNDERSTANDIUNLGT RASOUNSDY STECMO NTROLS 16
HillHarrya b,Ea mkiFloyr sbaenrdDg a,v Aidd ams
Chatpe3r ANATOMIVCA RIANTASN DU LTRASOUNADR TIFACTS 36
WendLyP. a bich and GKraitchhenriikn e
Chatper4 QUANTITATEICVHEO CARDIOGRAPHY 63
FeroMzaeh mooadn dR obiMnaaty al
TheB asic ETxaEmE
Chatpers TRANSESOPHAGTEOAMLO GRAPHIVCI EWS 87
RyaLnau earn Jdo sePp.Mh a htew
Chatpe6r ASSESSMEONFTL EFVTE NTRICULSAYRS TOLFIUCN CTION 125
LinDd.aG illaanmd LaFuorrad -Mukkamala
ADVANCED TRANSEESCOHPOHCAAGREDAILO GRAPHY
2.
ValvuHleaarr Dti seases
Chatpe7r MITRAVLA LVE 143
Johansnv eadne Wre sthuziena nJd ustiSawaannee vlder
Chatpe8r MITRAVLA LVREE PAIR 175
GhassSalne iI/saastymE , l R as,as nidV itcoJre bara
Chatpe9r AORTIVCA LVE 195
MarAkT. a lyoarn dCh ristAo.Tpr hoeniroa s
ivI Contents
Chatpe1r 0 TRICUSPAINDD P ULMONIVCA LVES 222
GeorgMeo uVk.a rabneAdl nt oiBn.Ae bc hee
Chatpe1r1 PROSTHETVIACL VES 240
BlaiAn.Ke e tnM, adhaSvw aminatahnaJdno ,s ePp.Mh a htew
VentricFuulnacrt ion
Chatpe1r 2 ASSESSMEONFTL EFVTE NTRICULDAIRA STOLFIUCN CTION 266
AliNniac oaarnadW andMa. Popescu
Chatpe1r 3 EVALUATIOOFNR IGHT HEFAURNTC TION 298
RebecAc.Sa c hro,eS dhearhBaarrY -oseaf,nJ d onatBh.Ma anr k
Chatpe1r 4 ECHOCARDIOGRAPEHVIACL UATIOOFNC ARDIOMYOPATHIES3 16
AnrdeMwa swl aondSa tnotnK .S hernan
Pericardium
Chatpe1r 5 PERICARDDIIASLE ASES 351
NikolJaS.o ksbu a s Maanndu eLlF. o ntes
3.C LINIPCEARLI OPEREACTHIOVCEA RDIOGRAPHY
Chatpe1r 6 ECHOCARDIOGRAFPOHRYA ORTISCU RGERY 370
ChristHoupdhseoJrno ,sC eo ddeannsdM, a dhaSvw amniahtan
Chatpe1r 7 TRANSESOPHAGEECAHLO CARDIOGRAFPOHRYH EARTF AILURE
SURGERY 387
SusaMn.M artliJin,oe sleGp.Rh o gearnsdC, a rmeAl.Ma i lano
Chatpe1r 8 TRANSESOPHAGEECAHLO CARDIOGRAFPOHRYC ONGENITAL
HEARTD ISEASE 406
StephSa.Fn .Fis iec haenrdM atheVw.P atetril
Chatpe1r 9 CARDIAMCA SSES 440
JosCeo ddens
Chatpe2r0 EPICARDIEACLH OCARDIOGRAAPNHDYE PIAORTIC
ULTRASONOGRAPHY 454
StatnoKn.S hernaann dK athrynG las
E.
Chatpe2r1 TEEF ORN ONCARDIAC SURGERY 462
Angsu ChrainsdFt rieed eWr.iL cokmb ard
ConetntIs v
TRANSESOPEHCAHGOECAALR DIOIGNNR OANPOHPYE RASTEITVTEI NGS
4.
Chatpe2r2 TEEI NT HEC RITICCAALR EU NIT 475
JordHaund son andS hAanwd rew
Chatpe2r3 TEE IN ETMHEER GENCDYE PARTMENT 484
SvaHt.Si h ah
5.S PECTIOAPLI CS
Chatpe2r4 EMERGINAGP PLICATIOOFNP SE RIOPERATEICVHEO CARDIOGRAP5H0Y6
CarMlaor cu,Bc ectitJiunnwagi rBthu,r khMaarcdk seenna ,n Adm a nM ahjaan
Chatpe2r5 THEN UTSA NDB OLTOS FA PERIOPERATTIEVESE E RVICE 540
ShahBaarrY -oseRf,e becSccah reorea,dn Jdo anhtanB. M ark
Chatper 26 TRAINIANNGD C ERTIFICAITNIPO ENR IOPERATIVE
TRANSESOPHAGEECAHLO CARDIOGRAPHY 558
JacSkh anieswe
Chatpe2r7 THET EEB OARDE XAM 565
MatthWeowo da ndK atheGrriinceh nik
APPENDICES
6.
AppendAi x NORMALC HAMBERD IMENSIONS 571
AppendBi x WALLM OTIONA NDC ORONARPYE RFUSION 573
Appendix(D IASTOLFIUCN CTION 575
AppendDi x NATIVVEA LVAER EASV,E LOCITIAENSD,G RADIENTS 578
AppendEi x MEASUREMENATNSD C ALCULATIONS 586
AppendFi x NORMALD OPPLEERC HOCARDIOGRAPVHAILCU ES
FORP ROSTHETAIOCR TIVCA LVES 590
AppendixGN ORMALD OPPLEERC HOCARDIOGRAVPAHLYU ES
FORP ROSTHETMIICT RAVLA LVES 595
AppendHi x MISCELLANEOUS 598
ANSWERS 600
INDEX 629
Tom yc hilJdorneant,Eh laianzn,aSd ,u a snna-dleoavarenlddy
precgiioftfrusos mG odM.a yy oaul wwaaylsik nt ruatnhgd r ace
knowitnhgta htOe n ew hoc alyloisufs ia thfula nHde a lwsiol l
briinttgop sas.
jopshP.e Mathew
Tom yw ifmeyc, lofsireesnftdro h, e urn condistuipopnoarlt .
Too ucrh ilfdrorm eank,ii naltgl w orthwhile.
And tom ym entforort sh,er ierm arvkiiasoblne.
MadhaSvw aminathan
Toal lf uort haartte h meo sptr ectiomo eu:s
Myw ieAlf ine
Iti sh eurn condinteivoenra-lle,on vdaein ndsgp u port
whimcahk aelt lh ipnogsss ible;
Myc hildren
Maurtihcieen telflroe chctiousma pla,s sainaodmn baittei ous
nature,
Marcc htahrei sfromh aintsai tcwi,iv iten, t egrdiettye,r main­d
nation,
Pautlhr,ei ssitn.agr. .
ChakMi bA youb
Contribourts
AntoinBe.A bcheeM,D ,F ACC[ 01] LaurFao rd-MukkamaDlOa,F, A CC[ 6]
AssocPiraotfeeo sfCs loirn ical Medicine ClinCiacradli ologist
Departomlfenntte rMneadli cine SoutheCaasrtdeiroAnls osgoyc iates
American UonfBi evierrusti ty ColmubuGse,o rgia
BeirLuetb,a non
EmilFyo rsberRgD,C S[ 2]
DaviBd. A damsR,C S,R DCS[ 2]
Duke University Medical Center LindGai llaMmD,, M PH [6]
Durham, CNaorrotlhi na ProfeosfCs loirn ical Medicine
Medicine
BriaPn.B arri[c1k ] ColumUbniiav ersity
NewY orNke,w Y ork
Shahar Bar-YMoDs [e1f,32 ,5 ]
AssisPtraonfte ssor KathryEn.G lasM,D ,M BA,F ASE[ 20]
AnestheasniCdor liotgCiyacal rM ee dicine AssocPiraotfee ssor
DukUen iveMresdiitCcyea nlt er Anesthesiology
DurhaNmo,r tChar olina EmorUyn iversity
AtlaGnetoar,g ia
AngusC hristMiDe [, 21]
AssocRieastied Deinrceyc tor KatheriGnrei chnMiDk,,F ASE[ 32,7 ]
DepartomfAne enstt hesainoPdla oiMgnay n agement Professor
MainMee diCceanlt er Anesthesiology
PortlMaanidn,e DukUen iveMresdiitCcyea nlt er
Durham, North Carolina
JosCe oddensM,D [161,9 ]
StaAffn esthesiologist HillaBr.Hy r abakB,S ,R DCS[ 2]
AnestahneIdsni tae nCsairMveee d icine CardSioanco grapher
OnzLei eVvreo uCwl inic CardDiiaacg nUosntiitc
AalBsetl,g ium DukUen iveMresdiitCcyea nlt er
DurhaNmo,r tCha rolina
lssaEmI -RasMsDi [,8 ]
SeniLoecrt urer ChristopHhuedrs on[ 16]
Cardiac Surgery
Hotel-dDeFi reaunH coes pital JordaKn. C .H udsonM,D ,F RCPC[ 22]
BeirLuetb,a non AssisPtraonfte ssor
DeptarotmfAe nnets thesiology
StephanSi.eF . FisMcDh [er1,8 ] OttaOwnat,a rio
CardiotAhnoersatchiecs iologist Canada
PrivPartaec tice
SePao iSnotu,tA hfr ica Victor JeMbDa r[a8,]
ProfeasnsCdoh ri ef
ManueLl. F onteMsD, [15] ThoraacniCdca rdiovSausrcguelrayr
AssocPiraotfeeo sfAs noers theasniCdor liotgCiyac rale HotDeile due France
Anesthesiology BeirLuetb,a non
NewY orNke,w Y ork
viiIi C onitbrutors
BettiJnuan gwirMtDh, [ 8] SusaMn. M artineMlDl i[,1 7]
AssisPtraonfte ssor AssisPtraonfte ssor
DepartomfAe nnets thesiology Anesthesiology
KlinifukeA rn aesthesiologie UniveorfNs iotrytC ha rolina
Muenchen, Germany ChapHeillN lo,r tCha rolina
BlainAe.K entM,D ,F RCPC[ 11] AndrewM aslow[ 14]
Chief, DoifCv airsdAiinoaencs theisa
Anesthesiology RobinMaa tya[l4 ]
CapiDtiaslt HreiaclAttu ht hority/UDnailvheorussiitey
HalaixNf,o vSac otia GeorgVe. M oukarbeMlD,, F ASE[ 10]
Canada AdvanEccehdo cardiFoeglrlaopwh y
CardiovDaissceualsaers
RyanE .L auerM,D [5) BrighaanWmdo menH'oss pital
AssisPtraonfte ssor HarvMaerddi Sccahlo ol
DepartomfAe nnets thesiology BostMoans,s achuserts
LornLai nUdnai versity
LornLai nda, California AlinNai coarMaD, [ 12]
AssisPtraonfte ssor
WilleLmo mbar[d 21] Anesthesiology
BranfCoorndn,e cticut
G.B urkharMda ckenseMnD,, P hD[ 24]
AssocPiraotfees sor WendyP abic[h3 ]
Anesthesiology
DukUen iveMresdiitCcyea nlt er MathewP atte[ri1l8 ]
Durham, North Carolina
MihaVi. P odgoreanMuD,, F ASE[ 1]
AmanM ahajanM,D ,P hD[ 24] AssisPtraonfte ssor
ProfeasnsCdoh ri ef Anesthesiology
CardiotAhnoersatchiecs iology DukUen iversity
RonaRleda gUaCnLA MediCceanlt er Durham, North Carolina
LoAsn gelCeasli,f ornia
WandaM .P opescMuD, [12]
FerozMea hmood[ 4] AssisPtraonfte ssor
Assistant Professor Anesthesiology
AnestahensCdir ai tical Care YalUen iveSrcshiotooyfMl e dicine
BetIhs rDaeealc oMneedsisCc eanlt er NewH aveCno,n necticut
HarvMaerddi Sccahlo ol
Boston, Massachusetts EdwardK. P rokopM,D [1J
Associate Clinical Professor
CarlEo.M arcuc[c2i 4] Anesthesiology
DireoctfCo arr diotAhnoersatchiecs iology HospiotfSa tRl.a phael
Anesthesiology NewH aveCno,n necticut
UniveHrossiptilyta auls a(nCnHeUV)
LausaVnanued, JosepGh. R ogerMsD, [17]
Switzerland AssocPiraeotssfeo r
InteMrendali cCiAnred,i oDliovgiys ion
JonathaBn.M arkM,D [132,5 ] DukUen iveMresdiitCcyea nlt er
Professor Durham, North Carolina
Anesthesiology
VeterAaffanisMr esd iCcealn ter
DurhaNmo,r tChar olina
ConitbrutorIs i x
RebeccAa.S chroedMeDr ,[ 132,5 ] GhassaSnl eilaMtDy [,8 ]
AssocPiraotfee ssor Fellow
Anestehsiology DivisoifCo anr diovaansTdch uolraaSrcu ircg ery
DurUkn iveSrcshiotooyfMl e dicine HotDeile due FrHaonscpei tal
DurhaNmo,r tCha rolina BeirLuetb,a non
SvatHi.S hahM,D ,M HS,F ACC[ 23] JustiaSawna neveld[e7r]
AssisPtraonfteo sfMs eodri cine
Medicine MarkA .T ayloMrD,, F ASE[ 9]
DukUen iversity Medical Center AssisPtraonfte ssor
DurhaNmo,r Ctahr olina DepartomfAe nnets thesiology
TheW estePrenn nsylHvoasnpiiat alR-eFgoiroCbnaeamslp us
JacSk.S hanewisMeD,, F ASE[ 26] MonroePveinlnlsey,l vania
ProfeosfCs loirn Ainceaslt hesiology
Anesthesiology ChristopAh.eT rr oianoMsD, [ 9]
ColumUbniiav eMresdiictCayel n ter ProfeasnsCdoh ra ir
NewY orNke,w Y ork DepartomfAe nnets thesiology
WestePrenn nsylHvoasnpiiat al
AndrewS hawM,B ,F RCAF,C CM[ 22] PittsbPuerngnhs,y lvania
AssocPiraotfee ssor
Anesthesiology Johannevsa nd erW esthuizMeBnC,h B,
DukUen iveMresdiitCcyea nlt er MMed(Anes[)7 ]
Durham, North Carolina ConsulAnteasnthte siologist
Anesthesiology
StantoSnh erna[n1 42,0 ] HaumaannnPd a rtners
BloemfoSnotueAtifrhni ,c a
NikolaIoS.sk ubasM,D ,F ASED,S c[ 15]
AssocPiraotfee ssor MattheWwo od,[ 271
Anesthesiology
WeiClolr nMeeldli cal College
NewY orNke,w Y ork