Climate Vulnerability: Understanding and Addressing Threats to Essential Resources

1585 Pages·2013·107.65 MB·English

by  Roger A. Pielke Sr.

CLIMATE VULNERABILITY
UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING THREATS
TO ESSENTIAL RESOURCES
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
EA Abayomi P Bates
NationalHealthLaboratoryServices,TygerbergHospital, Cabot Institute and School of Geographical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of University of Bristol, UK
Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa and MAMIE
BM Beamon
Foundation, Abayomi Estate, Ibadan, Nigeria
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
A AghaKouchak
D Becker
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
M Ahmed
R Becker
Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA;
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
AS Akanda A Beckingham
Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh,
India
VP Aneja
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA H Belhouchette
CIHEAM, IAM-M, Montpellier, France
I Annesi Maesano
Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases KM Best
(EPAR) UMR-S 707 INSERM; Université Pierre et Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State
Marie Curie, Paris, France University, Columbus, OH, USA and School of Earth
Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus,
SR Archer
OH, USA
The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
BT Bestelmeyer
JS Ayivor
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
Service, Las Cruces, NM, USA
AKM Azad Hossain
E Betman
National Center for Computational Hydroscience and
INCIHUSA, CCT-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
Engineering (NCCHE), The University of Mississippi,
MS, USA T Blenckner
D Baldocchi Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Policy and Management
G Blöschl
LT Barnard Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources
Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna,
AP Barros
Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Vienna
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durhan,
NC, USA C Boisvenue
Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Forest Service,
RJ Barthelmie
Victoria, BC, Canada
AtmosphericScienceProgram,DepartmentofGeological
Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana S Bolton
University, Bloomington, IN, USA University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
xi
CLIMATE VULNERABILITY
UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING THREATS
TO ESSENTIAL RESOURCES
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Roger A. Pielke, Sr.
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
VOLUME 1
VULNERABILITY OF HUMAN HEALTH TO CLIMATE
VOLUME EDITORS
Jimmy Adegoke
University of Missouri e Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
Caradee Y. Wright
CSIR Natural Resources & Environment, Pretoria, South Africa
AMSTERDAMlBOSTONlHEIDELBERGlLONDONlNEWYORKlOXFORD
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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
DrRogerA.PielkeiscurrentlyaseniorresearchscientistinCIRESandaseniorresearchassociateat
the University of Colorado-Boulder in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
(ATOC) at the University of Colorado in Boulder (November 2005ePresent). He is also an
emeritusprofessorofatmosphericscienceatColoradoStateUniversityandhasa5-yearappoint-
ment(April2007eMarch2012)ontheGraduateFacultyofPurdueUniversityinWestLafayette,
Indiana.
He has studied terrain-induced mesoscale systems, including the development of a three-
dimensionalmesoscalemodeloftheseabreeze,forwhichhereceivedtheNOAADistinguished
AuthorshipAwardfor1974.HehasworkedforNOAA'sExperimentalMeteorologyLab(1971e74),
TheUniversityofVirginia(1974e81),andColoradoStateUniversity(1981e2006).Heservedas
Colorado State Climatologist from 1999e2006. He was an adjunct faculty member in the
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringatDukeUniversityinDurham,NorthCaro-
lina(July2003e06).HewasavisitingprofessorintheDepartmentofAtmosphericSciencesatthe
UniversityofArizonafromOctobertoDecember2004.
HehasservedaschairmanandmemberoftheAMSCommitteeonWeatherForecastingand
Analysis,andwasthechiefeditorfortheMonthlyWeatherReviewfor5yearsfrom1981to1985.
In1977,hereceivedtheAMSLeroyMeisingerAwardfor‘fundamentalcontributionstomesoscale
meteorology through numerical modeling of the sea breeze and interaction among the moun-
tains,oceans,boundarylayer,andthefreeatmosphere’.Hereceivedthe1984AbellNewFaculty
ResearchandGraduateProgramAward,andalsoreceivedthe1987/1988AbellResearchFaculty
Award. He was declared ‘Researcher of the Year’ by the Colorado State University Research
Foundationin1993.In2000,hereceivedtheEngineeringDean'sCouncilAwardfromColorado
StateUniversity.
HeauthoredabookpublishedbyAcademicPressentitled‘Mesoscalemeteorologicalmodeling’in1984witha2ndeditionin2002,
abookforRoutledgePressentitled‘TheHurricanein1990,abook(coauthoredwithW.R.Cotton)forCambridgePressentitled‘Human
impactsonweatherandclimatein1995;2nded.,2006,abook(coauthoredwithR.A.Pielke,Jr.)entitled‘Hurricanes:Theirnatureand
impactsonsociety’publishedin1997byJohnWileyandSons,andwasco-chiefeditor(withR.A.Pielke,Jr.)ofabookentitled‘Storms’
publishedbyRoutledgePressin1999.
HewaselectedasafellowoftheAMSin1982andfellowoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnionin2004.From1993e96,heservedas
editor-in-chiefoftheUSNationalScienceReporttotheIUGG(1991e94)fortheAmericanGeophysicalUnion.FromJanuary1996to
December2000,heservedasco-chiefeditoroftheJournalofAtmosphericScience.In1998,hereceivedNOAA'sERLOutstandingScientific
Paper(withConradZieglerandTsengdarLee)foramodelingstudyoftheconvectivedryline.HewasdesignatedaPennsylvaniaState
CentennialFellowin1996,andnamedthePennsylvaniaStateCollegeofEarthandMineralSciencesAlumnioftheyearfor1999(withBill
Cotton).HeiscurrentlyservingontheAGUFocusGrouponNaturalHazards(August2009ePresent)andtheAMSCommitteeonPlanned
andInadvertentWeatherModification(October2009ePresent).HeisamongoneofthreefacultiesandoneoffourmemberslistedbyISI
HighlyCitedinGeosciencesatColoradoStateUniversityandtheUniversityofColoradoatBoulder,respectively.
Hehaspublishedover370papersinpeer-reviewedjournals,55chaptersinbooks,coedited9books,andmadeover700presentations
duringhiscareertodate.Thelistingofpaperscanbeviewedattheprojectwebsite:http://cires.colorado.edu/science/groups/pielke/pubs/.
Healsolaunchedascienceweblogin2005todiscussweatherandclimateissues.Thisweblogwasnamedoneofthe50mostpopular
ScienceblogsbyNatureMagazineon5July2006andislocatedathttp://pielkeclimatesci.wordpress.com/.
v
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VOLUME EDITORS
DrJimmyAdegokeisanawardwinningclimatescientistwhoseresearchfocusesonunderstanding
therelationshipsbetweenchanginglandsurfaceprocessesanddiverseindicatorsofenvironmental
change. His recent work focuses on societal impacts of environmental change including air
pollution studies in rapidly changing midlatitude urban areas and climate impacts on water
resourcesintheLakeChadBasin.HeteachesattheUniversityofMissouri-KansasCity(UMKC)
whereheservedaschairoftheDepartmentofGeosciencesfrom2008e10.FromAugust2010until
veryrecently,hewasExecutiveDirectoroftheCouncilforScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR)
NaturalResourcesandEnvironment(NRE)Division,Pretoria,SouthAfricawherehealsoservedas
theDirectoroftheAppliedCenterforClimateandEarthSystemsScience(ACCESS),aCenterof
Excellence(CoE)oftheSouthAfricaDepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DST)GlobalChange
GrandChallenge(GCGC)program.Heisamemberofseveralprofessionalsocietiesincludingthe
AmericanGeophysicalUnion(AGU),AssociationofAmericanGeographers(AAG),andAmerican
MeteorologicalSociety(AMS).HeisontheadvisorycounciloftheAfricanAssociationforRemote
SensingoftheEnvironment(AARSE)andalsoservesonthetechnicaladvisorycommitteeofseveral
United Nations applied science programs, including the United Nations Educational Scientific
andCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)crosscuttingprojectontheapplicationofremotesensing
forwaterresourcesandecosystemmanagementinAfrica.HelivesinKansascitywhereheserved
a3-yearteamasanappointeeoftheMayorofKansasCityMissouri(KCMO)onthecity'sEnvi-
ronmentalManagementCommission(EMC).
DrCaradeeY.WrightisaseniorresearcherattheCouncilforScientificandIndustrialResearchin
the Climate Studies, Modelling and Environmental Health Research Group, leading the envi-
ronmentalhealthresearchteam.SheholdsaPhDinpublichealthfromtheUniversityofOtago
andanMSocScingeographyandenvironmentalmanagementfromtheUniversityofNatal.Her
researchfocusesonpersonalsolarultravioletradiationexposure,personaldosimetry,healthrisk
assessment,andskincancerprevention.Recently,shehasalsoworkedinthefieldofairquality
andfindingwaystointegratepublichealthintoairqualitymanagement.Shealsoworksinthe
broaderfieldofenvironmentalhealth,leadinglargeepidemiological,cross-sectionalcommunity
surveys to consider the impacts of environmental pollution on community health and appro-
priateinterventions.SheiscochairoftheSouthAfricanYoungAcademyofScience,amemberof
the Global Young Academy, a council member of the National Association for Clean Air, and
founderoftheEnvironmentalHealthResearchNetwork.In2012,shewasnamedoneof200top
young South Africans for her efforts to establish a SunSmart Research Programme and Lab in
SouthAfrica.
vii
viii Volume Editors
DrDevNiyogiisanassociateprofessorwithjointappointmentintheDepartmentsofAgronomy
andEarth,Atmospheric,andPlanetaryScienceatPerdueUniversity.
HeisalsotheStateClimatologistforIndianaandDirectoroftheIndianaStateClimateOffice.
His research seeks to advance the understanding of vegetation and land surface processes in
environmental, weather forecasting, and climate analyses, using a combination of dynamical
modelsandsurface,satelliteremotesensing,andmultiscaleanalysisproducts.
Hisresearchdealswiththeunderstandingandrepresentationoftheeffectsofvegetationeland
surfaceprocessesinenvironmentalprocessesatdifferentscales.Heisoneofthethreeinvited,
nonfederal representatives to the community modeling effort of the Weather Research and
Forecast(WRF)modelworkinggrouponLandSurfaceModels,andtotheFederalGeophysical
DataCommission(FGDC)SpatialClimateWorkingGroup.
Hehasauthoredorcoauthored25successfulproposalsforexternalgrantstotalingover$3M.
Heverticallyintegratesundergraduate,graduate,andpostdoctoralresearchersinhisresearchand
isveryinterdisciplinaryindevelopingcollaborativeprojects.
Dr George Kallos is a professor at the University of Athens, School of Physics, Division of
Environmental Physics and Meteorology. He leads the Atmospheric Modeling and Weather
ForecastingGroup(AM&WFG).HehasaBScfromtheUniversityofAthens/SchoolofMathe-
matics (1975). He obtained his MSc (1983) and PhD (1985) in Geophysical Sciences/
AtmosphericSciencesDivision,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,SchoolofGeophysicalSciences,
USA.Hehas110publicationsinpeerreviewscientificjournals,morethan230presentationsand
publicationsinconferenceproceedingspublications,10contributionsinbooksandmorethan
200 other publications in subjects related to atmospheric physics and chemistry, sea-state
conditions, and renewable energy production. He has been invited 70 times to give talks in
conferences,seminars,etc.Hispublishedworkhasreceived>2000citations.Hehasparticipated
in80projects.Hehasorganized12conferencesrelatedtoairpollutionanddusttransportinthe
Mediterranean.Hehassupervised10PhDsandover100MScthesesandparticipatedin20PhD
examinationsinGreeceandEurope.Heisanassociateeditorforthejournals:‘EnvironmentalFluid
Mechanics’, ‘Advances in Meteorology’, ‘International Journal of Geosciences’, ‘Atmospheric Pollution
Research’, and ‘Journal of Aerospace Operations’. He was awarded the International Union of Air
PollutionPreventionAssociationeIUAPPAawardforhisworkon‘Long-rangetransportandair
quality work in the Mediterranean region’. His current research activities are related to atmo-
spheric,climatic,airpollution,andsea-statemodeldevelopmentandforecasting.Hefocusesin
fully coupled modeling systems. The latest model developments are related to nucleation
processesinclouds,desertdustcycleanditsdirectandindirecteffects.Researchactivitiesrelatedto
renewableenergyresources(wind,ocean,solar)arefocusingonhighaccuracyatmosphericmodel
development,energyrelationshipsandpredictions,andprotectionfromextremes.
TimothySeastedtreceivedhisBAinbiologyfromtheUniversityofMontana,anMSdegreein
biological sciences from the University of Alaska at Fairbanks, and a PhD degree from the
UniversityofGeorgia.HewasonthefacultyatKansasStateUniversityandiscurrentlyaprofessor
of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and fellow of INSTAAR at the University of Colorado,
Boulder.MuchofhisresearchhasbeenconductedaspartoftheLong-TermEcologicalResearch
(LTER) programs at KSU and CU. His interests focus on terrestrial ecosystem ecology and the
causes and consequences of biotic change. His recent activities have emphasized the ongoing
changesfoundalongthegrasslandto(melting)glaciergradientthatexistsintheColoradoFront
Range.