Climate Under Cover

196 Pages·2002·5.938 MB·English

by  Tadashi Takakura, Wei Fang (auth.)

Climate Under Cover
Climate Under Cover
by
Tadashi Takakura
Nagasaki University,
College of Environmental Studies, Japan
and
Wei Fang
National Taiwan University,
Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, Taiwan
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-0846-7 ISBN 978-94-010-0583-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0583-8
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
e
2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 2002
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CONTENTS
PREFACE of IS/ Edition ......................................................................................... ix
PREFACE of2 nd Edition ...................................................................................... Xl
1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................
1.1. Introduction .. .... .... ...... ............... .... ............. ......... .... .... .... ........................... 1
1.2. Europe and America .............................................. ........ .... .... ..................... 3
1.3. Asia ............................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Africa and Middle East ........................ ....................................... ............ .... 4
1.5. Japan ............................................................................................................. 5
1.5.1. Covering materials: PE or PVC? ......................................................... 6
1.5.2. Greenhouse production in Japan .......................................................... 7
1.5.3. Floating mulch in Japan ....................................................................... 7
1.5A. Plastic Wastes ...................................................................................... 8
Problems ............ .............................................................................................. 10
2. DEFINITION OF COVERING AND PROPERTIES OF
COVERING MATERIALS ........................................................................ 11
2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 11
2.2. Mulching ... ................................................................. ........ ................. ...... 11
2.3. Row covers (Tunnels) ............................................................................... 13
2A. Floating mulches (Floating row cover) ................................................... 13
2.5. Rain shelters ............................................................................................. 14
2.6. Unheated greenhouses .............................................................................. 14
2.7. Covering materials .................................................................................... 14
Problems .......... ............ ...... ................... ........ .......................... ..... ... ................. 17
3. DIGITAL SIMULATION ................................................................................. 19
3 .1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 19
3.2. System dynamics ...................................................................................... 19
3.3. Simulation languages ................................................................................ 20
3A. Digital simulation by CSMP and MATLAB ............................................. 21
3 A.1. Concept of the analog computer ........................................................ 21
3.4.2. Comparison ofCSMP and MATLAB programs with
mathematical equations ....... .... .... .... .... .......... ........ ..... .................. 22
3.5. Model structure and representation ........................................................... 24
3.5.1. Differential equation ................. .... .... .... .... .................. ................. ...... 24
3.5.2. Description of systems ....................................................................... 26
3.5.3. Heat flow and temperature regime in the soil .................................... 28
3.6. A model for temperature regimes in the soil (CUCOl) ............................. 30
3.6.1. Model description ....................... ........ ................................... .... ........ 30
3.7. Application to steady state models ............................................................ 34
3.8. More on MATLAB ................................................................................... 34
v
3.9. SIMULINK ............................................................................................... 37
Problems .......................................................................................................... 41
4. HEAT BALANCE OF BARE GROUND ......................................................... 45
4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 47
4.2. Convective heat transfer ........................................................................... 47
4.3. A model with solar radiation and air temp. boundary condition (CUC02). 50
404. Mass transfer ............................................................................................. 53
4.5. A model with latent heat transfer (CUC03) .............................................. 55
4.6. Radiation balance ..................................................................................... 59
4.7. Long wave radiation ................................................................................. 61
Problems .......................................................................................................... 64
5. SOLAR RADIATION ENVIRONMENT. .......................................................... 65
5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 65
5.2. Units of radiation and light ....................................................................... 65
5.3. Solar radiation properties of covering materials ....................................... 66
504. Calculation of transmissivity (CUC04) .................................................... 68
5.5. Solar radiation ........................................................................................... 72
5.6. The sun's altitude and azimuth .................................................................. 74
5.6.1. On a horizontal surface ...................................................................... 74
5.6.2. On a tilted surface .............................................................................. 78
5.6.3. Transmitted solar radiation (CUC05) ................................................ 78
Problems .............. ............................................................................................ 83
6. TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENT UNDER COVER .................................. 85
6.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 85
6.2. Effect of mulching .................................................................................... 85
6.2.1. Experimental measurements .............................................................. 85
6.2.2. A model to simulate temperature regime under clear mulching
(CUC20) ......................................................................................... 87
6.2.3. Same model for black or white mulch ............................................... 91
6.204. Results of CUC20 model................................................................... 93
6.3. Temperature environment under row covers (CUC30) ............................ 95
604. Double layer greenhouse model (CUC50) ............................................. 101
6.5. A pad and fan greenhouse model (CUC35) ............................................ 107
Problems ........................................................................................................ 117
7. CO ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 119
2
7.1. Introduction ............ .................................... .......................................... 119
7.2. CO concentration in soil layer (CUC70) ............................................. 119
2
7.3. Program execution and output .............................................................. 124
7 A. CO concentration in a plastic house and ventilation ............................ 125
2
7.5. One dimensional interpolation .............................................................. 126
VI
Problems ...................................................................................................... 127
8. WATER AND WATER VAPOR ENVIRONMENT ...................................... 129
8.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 129
8.2. Water and water vapor movement in soil .............................................. 130
8.3. Water and heat balance in soil layer (CUC90) ..................................... 132
8.4. Interaction between water movement and heat How............................ 138
Problems .. .... .... .... ......................... .......................... .... .... ............. .............. 140
9. CONTROL FUNCTION ................................................................................ 141
9.1. Introduction .. ..... ............ ........ ............. ................. .... ............. ................ 141
9.2. System response ................................................................................... 142
9.3. PID control ............................................................................................. 144
9.4. Temperature control logic (CUC120) ................................................... 144
9.5. Feedback vs. feedforward control ......................................................... 148
9.5.1. Feedback and feedforward control................................................... 148
9.5.2. System response and its application to feedforward control ............ 149
9.5.3 .A Hoor-heating greenhouse with ideal conditions (CUC122) ......... 149
Problems ...................................................................................................... 152
10. PLANT RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT ....................................... 153
10.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 153
10.2. Plant photosynthesis and respiration ................................................... 153
10.3. Energy balance ofa plant leaf ............................................................. 155
10.4. Stomata resistance of plant (CUClSl) ............................................... 156
10.5. Plant growth model............................................................................. 165
I 0.5.l. General concept of plant growth and yield models ........................ 165
10.5.2. Dry matter production model (CUC160) ...................................... 165
Problems ...................................................................................................... 171
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 173
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................... 177
INDEX ................................................................................................................ 185
VII
PREFA CE OF 1 EDITION
st
After plastic films were invented, covering technique became popular for crop
protection. Mulching, row covers, floating mulch and greenhouses are classified
differently, but in principle they are more or less the same technique. As far as the
physical environment for plant growth is concerned, the main sub-systems are the
soil layer and the boundary air layer above it. Covering the soil surface with film
changes these environments drastically. Air space between the cover and the soil
surface is very limited in mulching. If this space is enlarged and crops are grown
under the film, the floating mulch, row cover and plastic house systems can be
utilized.
Therefore, insofar as the physical environment itself is concerned, air space
between the cover and the soil surface is the key to the classification. The same
mechanism governs environments produced by the various covers. Therefore, in
this book we will analyze all of the different environments from mulching to
greenhouses. In order to analyze the physical environment, the relationship
between plants and environment is of course another important topic.
Stress is placed on the link between quantitative phenomena and qualitative
analyses, although not all simulation results are verified experimentally. Selection
of adequate parameter values is for verification of the simulation. Most
phenomena involved are non-linear and non-steady state. For this reason, the
approach which is called System Dynamics is used and simulation models
developed in a simulation language CSMP (Continuous System Modeling Program)
are fully used. Simulation languages for continuous systems work on the same
principles as analog computers and are problem-oriented. It is very easy to
understand. There are several languages, such as micro-CSMP, ACSL, SYSL, and
PCSMP which are run on computers ranging from mainframes to IBM PCs, and
each is slightly different. The first three are available commercially. The last,
PCSMP (CSMP for IBM PCs) has been developed by the Department of Theoretical
Production Ecology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. These
simulation languages are much more powerful than BASIC or FORTRAN; they can
be run on IBM PCs, and they satisfy engineers' nostalgia for analog computers.
This book was written for a computer simulation class at the graduate level at
the University of Tokyo. The author assumes that readers have some basic
background in differential equations, numerical analysis, and FORTRAN
programming. He will be more than satisfied if the digital simulation technique
using CSMP described in this book becomes widely used as a research tool as well
as an educational tool in student laboratories. All models in this book are written
in micro-CSMP and are available on request (a request card is attached to this book).
There are already some good English books for students majoring in
agricultural structures and environments. However, they are mostly for animal
environments and as far as the author knows simulation technique has not yet been
well documented in the area of plant growth, although it is a very powerful
methodology. The author started greenhouse simulation as a graduate student,
IX
using FORTRAN on mainframes. He became acquainted with digital simulation
techniques during his post-doctoral study (1968-1969) at the University of
Minnesota after having some difficulty in simulating his models using both hybrid
and analog computers. Dr. L. L. Boyd, head of the department at that time, offered
the author a chance to study there, and Dr. K. A. Jordan taught him how to use
hybrid and analog computes. The first model developed at that time was made
using FORTRAN (Takakura et al., 1971), and it has been referred to by many
researchers on greenhouse environments since then. As is indicated in Takakura
and Jordan (1970), the second model was in MIMIC (a similar simulation language
as CSMP), which was only available at Minnesota. After the author started
simulation work using CSMP in Japan, he had a chance to work in the Department
of Theoretical Production Ecology (which was headed by Prof. Dr. C. T. de Wit at
that time) at Agricultural University, Wageningen in the Netherlands in 1973, and
also had an excellent opportunity to discuss digital simulation in CSMP with other
members of his department. They cooperated with the staff of the computer
science department at the same university to develop PCSMP later.
The writing of this book began when the author visited the Department of
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Rutgers University in 1987. A simulation
model was developed for floor heating greenhouses with Prof. W.J. Roberts, the
chairman of the department, and his young staff members. In the summer 1991,
the author offered a one-week short course at Rutgers using the first draft of this
book. All 15 attendants were eagerly discussed the contents of this book and gave
many suggestions for its completion; especially helpful was Dr. Wei Fang, National
Taiwan University. Dr. Ken Jordan, now in the University of Arizona ran the most
of the models in ACSL and gave many suggestions. Nancy K. Okamura, research
fellow in our department and Susan Schmidt, University of Tokyo Press read the
manuscript carefully and made corrections. There are many others who
contributed by giving suggestions and preparing the manuscript. This book would
not have been possible without their help. The author would like to thank all who
have contributed in many ways. Last but not the least, he would like to express his
appreciation to Dr. Luweis, Editor in Chief, Kluwer Academic Publishers, who
agreed to publish this book.
In Tokyo
October 1992
Tadashi Takakura
x
PREFACE OF 2nd EDITION
Since the first edition was published almost ten years ago and computer
software has changed drastically. As far as the authors know, any of CSMP group
is not supported for recent WINDOWS system. On the other hand, general
mathematical software such as MATLAB has been taught in many engineering
courses. Since we left Rutgers, we have been working at different institutions in
different countries but in the same research area. Recent computer software
development has forced us to learn mathematical software and both of us selected
MATLAB. We have met at several occasions such as international symposium and
one time we discussed to renew the first edition by using some new language which
is more powerful and suitable in the present WINDOWS environment. This is the
main reason we selected MATLAB. It has also very powerful toolboxes such as
SIMULINK, which is very suitable for dynamic simulation. First we planned to
involve all models in MATLAB and SIMULINK, but because of the limit of the
volume, we have decided to have MATLAB models with one SIMULINK model as
an example. It is not difficult to develop SIMULINK models if the readers
understand MATLAB models. All models in the first edition have been converted in
MATLAB with its explanation by Dr. Wei Fang. All models listed in this book can
be downloaded from Dr. Wei Fang's home page. The URLs of the web sites are as
follow:
http://ecaaser3.ecaa.ntu.edu.tw/weifang/cuc/index.htm
http://ecaaser5.ecaa.ntu.edu.tw/weifang/cuc/index.htm
Both of us hope all readers can run all models in the new computer
environment.
In Nagasaki and Taipei
January 2002
Tadashi Takakura and Wei Fang
xi