Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Sponges: Impacts Across Multiple Levels of Organization

456 Pages·2017·10.27 MB·English

by  José Luis Carballo

José Luis Carballo · James J. Bell Editors
Climate
Change, Ocean
Acidifi cation
and Sponges
Impacts Across Multiple Levels of
Organization
Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Sponges
José Luis Carballo • James J. Bell
Editors
Climate Change, Ocean
Acidification and Sponges
Impacts Across Multiple Levels
of Organization
Editors
José Luis Carballo James J. Bell
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología School of Biological Science
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Victoria University of Wellington
Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico Wellington, New Zealand
ISBN 978-3-319-59007-3 ISBN 978-3-319-59008-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59008-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953393
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
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Contents
1 Climate Change and Sponges: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
José Luis Carballo and James J. Bell
2 Lessons from the Past: Sponges and the Geological Record . . . . . . . . . 13
Lucy A. Muir, Joseph P. Botting, and Matilde S. Beresi
3 Sponges as Proxies for Past Climate Change Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Carina Sim-Smith, Michael Ellwood, and Michelle Kelly
4 Molecular Responses of Sponges to Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Jose Maria Aguilar-Camacho and Grace P. McCormack
5 Molecular and Functional Ecology of Sponges and Their
Microbial Symbionts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Malcolm S. Hill and Oriol Sacristán-Soriano
6 Impacts of Short-Term Large-Scale Climatic Variation
on Sponge Assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
James J. Bell, Megan Shaffer, Holly Bennett, Emily McGrath,
Charli Mortimer, Alberto Rovellini, Joseph Marlow,
Andrew Biggerstaff, and José Luis Carballo
7 Bioeroding Sponges and the Future of Coral Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Christine H.L. Schönberg, James Kar-Hei Fang,
and José Luis Carballo
8 Nutrient Fluxes and Ecological Functions of Coral Reef Sponges
in a Changing Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Jasper M. de Goeij, Michael P. Lesser, and Joseph R. Pawlik
9 Sponge Disease and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Heidi M. Luter and Nicole S. Webster
v
vi Contents
10 Sponge Reefs of the British Columbia, Canada Coast:
Impacts of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
K.W. Conway, F. Whitney, S.P. Leys, J. V. Barrie, and M. Krautter
11 Future Research Directions and Gaps in Our Knowledge . . . . . . . . . 447
James J. Bell and José Luis Carballo
Editors’ Biography
Dr. José Luis Carballo is a senior researcher and professor of the postgraduate
programme in marine biology at the Institute of Marine Sciences and Limnology at
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. He received his doctorate in zoology
from the University of Seville in 1994 obtaining the maximum distinction cum
laude with the thesis ‘Sponges from the Strait of Gibraltar’ and after that obtained a
postdoctoral research fellow on R & D (research and development) to work with
natural products from marine sponges. He has published more than 120 scientific
research papers, books and has successfully supervised to completion more than 40
postgraduate (MS and PhD thesis) and postdoctoral research fellows whose research
focused mainly on the study of small and large patterns of sponge biodiversity and
structure on the northeastern Pacific Ocean (México) and the factors influencing
local and global biodiversity patterns, including habitat heterogeneity and sediment
deposition. His current research interests focus mainly on coral reef sponges, and
especially on boring sponges, on topics ranging from taxonomy, distribution, repro-
duction and dispersion to the influence of large and local environmental variables.
He is also interested in the general broadscale variability in bioeroder communities
and rates of erosion in Mexican Pacific coral reefs and to understand how climate
change and ocean acidification will influence bioerosion distribution and abundance
of boring sponges.
Associate Professor James J. Bell is a marine biologist in the School of Biological
Sciences at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, and is currently the
marine biology programme director. James developed an early interest in marine
biology through his love of the oceans where he grew up in Devon. He graduated
from the University of Wales, Bangor, in 1998 with a first-class honours degree in
marine biology and gained his PhD in 2001 from University College Cork in Ireland.
He became intrigued by sponges during a research expedition to Lough Hyne
Marine Nature Reserve in Southern Ireland, and his PhD research focused on the
unusual sponge assemblages there. James moved to New Zealand to take up a lec-
tureship at Victoria University in 2006. He is an internationally recognised sponge
ecologist, whose current research is at the leading edge of sponge ecological
vii
viii Editors’ Biography
research, particularly focusing on understanding the functional roles of sponges in
marine systems, the ways in which human impacts influence these roles and the
subsequent ecosystem consequences of declines or increases in sponge abundance.
The research that James conducts is of global significance, increasing our under-
standing of how sponges respond and acclimate to environmental degradation and
their potential to be ‘winners’ in response to future environmental change. James
has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters in leading
international journals. He has led expeditions across the world to study sponges and
has received funding from many sources to support his research. James makes an
important contribution to the development of future marine scientists and leads a
large postgraduate group working on sponges.
Chapter 1
Climate Change and Sponges: An Introduction
José Luis Carballo and James J. Bell
Abstract This chapter provides an introduction to our current understanding of the
two most important features of climate change affecting marine sponges—ocean
warming and ocean acidification. Of these two stressors, thermal stress associated
with ocean warming is likely to have the greatest influence on the sponge assem-
blages through the induction of diseases and mortality by a decrease in the efficacy
of defense mechanisms and development of pathogens. However, there is a consid-
erable variability among species in their responses to increasing temperature, and
some species have persisted during episodes of unusually high temperature.
Conspicuous sublethal effects have also been described. Thermal stress can limit
sponge reproductive capability and dispersal by causing the reabsorption of sper-
matic cysts and oocytes and by the disruption of the feedback mechanism that pre-
vents the release of asexual propagules when ecological factors are unsuitable for
propagule survival. Thermal stress also can affect sponge-feeding behavior by
increasing or decreasing filtration rates and by decreasing choanocyte chamber den-
sity and size, causing shifts in the microbial communities of the host sponge, and
can also increase the production of heat shock proteins, which leads to rapid upregu-
lation of genes involved in cellular damage repair. The effects of ocean acidification
on sponges are much less known, but recent studies have demonstrated the resis-
tance of certain species to lowered pH conditions. It seems that this capacity to
withstand OA lies in part in the ability of sponges to restructure their host- associated
microbiomes mainly by acquiring new microbial components via horizontal trans-
mission. The apparent resilience of some sponge species and the sensitivity of oth-
ers highlight the need to understand the molecular basis of sponge responses to
environmental stressors in order to determine if they will be able to adapt to rapidly
changing ocean conditions. Future research focused on transcriptomic and
J.L. Carballo (*)
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
(Unidad Académica Mazatlán), Avenida Joel Montes Camarena s/n,
PO Box 811, Mazatlán C.P.82000, Mexico
e-mail: [email protected]
J.J. Bell
School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington,
PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 1
J.L. Carballo, J.J. Bell (eds.), Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Sponges,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59008-0_1
2 J.L. Carballo and J.J. Bell
metabolomic responses using genomic approaches will facilitate the assessment of
molecular stress responses at different sponge life history stages.
Keywords Sponges • Climate change • Thermal stress • Ocean acidification
1.1 The Two Main Climate Change Factors: Impact of OW
and OA
Shifts in climate regimes are a recurrent feature of the Earth’s history (Zachos et al.
2001), but the peculiarity of modern-day changes is the unprecedented speed at
which they are occurring and the undeniable human influence (Hansen et al. 2007),
in particular being driven by burning fossil fuels, cement production, and changes
in land use (IPCC 2007). These human activities are rapidly raising the atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentration (CO ) level at a rate that is unprecedented in at least
2
the last 22,000 years (IPCC 2007; Joos and Spahni 2008).
It is predicted that by 2100, the CO concentration will be in the range of 541–
2
970 ppm (IPCC 2001), and much of this anthropogenically generated CO will be
2
absorbed by the oceans. The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
(CO ) will have two immediate consequences: (1) it will rise Earth’s atmospheric
2
temperature (global warming, GB) and, particularly, global sea surface tempera-
tures (SSTs) by up to 4 °C (IPCC 2007), and (2) it will dissolve in seawater forming
carbonic acid (HCO), lowering the pH in a process known as ocean acidification
2 3
(OA). In the last 200 years, the global ocean pH has dropped by 0.1 pH units (30%
increase in acidity), and it is predicted to drop a further 0.3–0.5 units by 2100 (170%
increase in acidity), which is more than 100 times as rapid as at any time over the
past hundreds of the millennia (Meure et al. 2006).
Ocean warming and ocean acidification (pH, pCO, and calcium carbonate satura-
2
tion) will impact marine organisms across all levels of biological organization, from
cellular to ecosystem levels. Ocean warming will affect marine benthic ecosystems
through epidemiologic diseases and mass mortalities of invertebrates, in particular
bivalves, corals, and sponges (Harvell et al. 2002; Webster 2007), and also cause coral
bleaching, species invasions, and shifts in species’ latitudinal ranges (Doney et al.
2012). Ocean acidification, in contrast, affects calcifying marine invertebrates most
severely, such as coralline algae (Kuffner et al. 2008), corals (Silverman et al. 2009),
echinoderms, and mollusks (Michaelidis et al. 2005). This is because it decreases the
availability of the carbonate ions required for skeletogenesis; abundance of particular
group such as pteropod is expected to decline by half during this century due to
increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (Orr et al. 2005). OA and particularly
elevated CO also affect animals by disrupting the acid-base balance of internal fluids,
2
leading to narcotizing acidosis, and also by triggering physiological mechanisms that
slow or stop metabolism (Knoll et al. 1996). Even more important, reductions in pH
may interfere with ion exchange, depressing metabolism and leading to a narrower