Climate change challenges and adaptations at farm-level : case studies from Asia and Africa

245 Pages·2015·2.575 MB·English

by  Naveen P. Singh, Cynthia Bantilan, Kattarkandi Byjesh, Swamikannu Nedumaran

Climate Change Challenges and Adaptations at Farm-level
Case Studies from Asia and Africa
CABI CLIMATE CHANGE SERIES
Climate change is a major environmental challenge to the world today, with signifi cant
threats to ecosystems, food security, water resources and economic stability overall. In order
to understand and research ways to alleviate the eff ects of climate change, scientists need
access to information that not only provides an overview of and background to the fi eld, but
also keeps them up to date with the latest research fi ndings.
Th is series addresses many topics relating to climate change, including strategies to
develop sustainable systems that minimize impact on climate and/or mitigate the eff ects of
human activity on climate change. Coverage will encompass all areas of environmental and
agricultural sciences. Aimed at researchers, upper-level students and policy makers, titles in
the series provide international coverage of topics related to climate change, including both
a synthesis of facts and discussions of future research perspectives and possible solutions.
Titles Available
1. Climate Change and Crop Production
Edited by Matthew P. Reynolds
2. Crop Stress Management and Climate Change
Edited by José L. Araus and Gustavo A. Slafer
3. Temperature Adaptation in a Changing Climate: Nature at Risk
Edited by Kenneth Storey and Karen Tanino
4. Plant Genetic Resources and Climate Change
Edited by Michael Jackson, Brian Ford-Lloyd and Martin Parry
5. Climate Change Impact and Adaptation in Agricultural Systems
Edited by Jürg Fuhrer and Peter J. Gregory
6. Livestock Production and Climate Change
Edited by Pradeep K. Malik, Raghavendra Bhatta, Junichi Takahashi,
Richard A. Kohn and Cadaba S. Prasad
7. Climate Change and Insect Pests
Edited by Christer Björkman and Pekka Niemelä
8. Climate Change and Agricultural Water Management in Developing Countries
Edited by Chu Th ai Hoanh, Vladimir Smakhtin and Robyn Johnston
9. Climate Change Challenges and Adaptations at Farm-level
Edited by Naveen Prakash Singh, Cynthia Bantilan, Kattarkandi Byjesh and
Swamikannu Nedumaran
Climate Change Challenges and
Adaptations at Farm-level
Case Studies from Asia and Africa
Edited by
Naveen Prakash Singh
Cynthia Bantilan
Kattarkandi Byjesh
Swamikannu Nedumaran
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics,
Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Climate change challenges and adaptations at farm-level : case studies from Asia and Africa
/ edited by Naveen P. Singh, Cynthia Bantilan, Kattarkandi Byjesh and Swamikannu
Nedumaran (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru,
Hyderabad, India).
pages cm. -- (CABI climate change series ; 9)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-78064-463-9 (alk. paper)
1. Climatic changes--Asia--Case studies. 2. Climatic changes--Africa--Case studies.
3. Climate change mitigation--Asia--Case studies. 4. Climate change mitigation--Africa-
-Case studies. I. Singh, N. P. (Naveen P.), editor. II. Series: CABI climate change series ;
9.
QC903.C5523 2015
363.738’74095--dc23
2015029405
ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 463 9
Commissioning editor: Nicki Dennis
Editorial assistant: Emma McCann
Production editor: Tim Kapp
Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, Preston, UK.
Printed and bound in the UK by Antony Rowe, CPI Group (UK) Ltd.
Contents
Contributors vii
Foreword ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xii
Section I Framework for Addressing Climate Change
1 Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies at Farm-level:
A Retrospection 1
N.P. Singh, K. Byjesh and C. Bantilan
2 Analytical Framework and Methodologies for Analysing Farm-level
Vulnerability 11
N.P. Singh, K. Byjesh, C. Bantilan, V.U.M. Rao, S. Nedumaran, B. Venkateswarulu,
F. Niranjan, W. Jayatilaka, U.K. Deb, P.Q. Ha and P. Suddhiyam
Section II Evaluating Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change
3 What’s in Store for Asia: Making Sense of Changes in Climate Trends 34
N.P. Singh, K. Byjesh, C. Bantilan, V.U.M. Rao, B. Venkateswarulu, F. Niranjan,
W. Jayatilaka, U.K. Deb, P.Q. Ha and P. Suddhiyam
4 Changing Climate – Responding to the Inevitable 58
N.P. Singh, K. Byjesh, C. Bantilan, V.U.M. Rao, B. Venkateswarulu, F. Niranjan,
W. Jayatilaka, U.K. Deb, P.Q. Ha and P. Suddhiyam
5 Climate Change and Food Security in Asia and Africa:
Agricultural Futures 86
S. Nedumaran, P. Jyosthnaa, N.P. Singh, C. Bantilan and K. Byjesh
v
vi Contents
6 Evaluating Adaptation Options at Crop Level for Climate Change
in the Tropics of South Asia and West Africa 115
Piara Singh, N.P. Singh, S. Nedumaran and C. Bantilan
7 Scoping Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Smallholder
Farmers in East Africa – A Multi-dimensional, Multi-scenario
Impact Assessment 138
L. Claessens, J.M. Antle, J.J. Stoorvogel, R.O. Valdivia, P.K. Th ornton
and M. Herrero
8 Sustainable Land and Water Management Approaches in Sub-Saharan
Africa: Farm-level Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation and
Adaptation from Sub-Saharan Africa 146
Jupiter Ndjeunga, Marou A. Zarafi , Albert Nikiema, P.S. Traore, Abdou Amani,
Sabiou Mahamane, A.M. Ibro, Souleymane Amadou and Ephraim Nkonya
9 Sociological Signifi cance: Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change
Among Communities 168
N.P. Singh, C. Bantilan, W. Jayatilaka and R. Padmaja
10 Policy Options Towards Climate Resilience: Agent-based Assessment
of Farm Households in West Africa 179
T. Wossen, S. Nedumaran and T. Berger
Section III Looking beyond and planning for the future
11 Moving Along Adaptation Pathways Toward Grass-root Resilience:
A Synthesis 197
N.P. Singh, C. Bantilan, K. Byjesh, S. Nedumaran, V.U.M. Rao, B. Venkateswarulu,
F. Niranjan, W. Jayatilaka, U.K. Deb, P.Q. Ha and P. Suddhiyam
12 Way Forward – Towards Climate Resilience 212
N.P. Singh, C. Bantilan, K. Byjesh and S. Nedumaran
Contributors
Abdou Amani, Senior Scientist, Forest Ecologist, Institut National de la Recherche Agricole
du Niger (INRAN), PO Box 429 Niamey, Niger. E-mail: [email protected]
John Antle, Professor, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. E-mail: john.antle@
oregonstate.edu
Souleymane Amadou, Forest Ecologist, Direction Départementale de l’Environnement et
de la Lutte Contre la Désertifi cation (DDE/LCD), Ministry of Environment and Fight
Against Desertifi cation. E-mail: [email protected]
Cynthia Bantilan, Director (RP-MIP), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-
Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Th omas Berger, Professor, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the
Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. E-mail: i490d@
uni-hohenheim.de
Kattarkandi Byjesh, Consultant, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Lieven Claessens, Principal Scientist, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-
Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Kenya, East Africa. E-mail: [email protected]
Uttam Kumar Deb, Principal Scientist, International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Pham Quang Ha, Deputy Director General, Institute for Agricultural Environment (IAE),
VAAS, Phu Do, TuLiem, Hanoi, Vietnam. E-mail: [email protected]
Mario Herrero, Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia. E-mail: mario.
[email protected]
Mada Ibro, Former Scientifi c Offi cer, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-
Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 12404 Niamey, Niger. E-mail: [email protected]
Wijaya Jayatilaka, Consultant – Sociologist, International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: wijayajayatilaka@
yahoo.co.uk
Padmanabhan Jyosthnaa, Scientifi c Offi cer, International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Sabiou Mahamane, Senior Scientist, Soil scientist/Pedologist, Institut National de la
Recherche Agricole du Niger (INRAN), PO Box 429 Niamey, Niger. E-mail: msabiou@
yahoo.com
vii
viii Contributors
Jupiter Ndjeunga, Principal Scientist, Agricultural Economist, International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 12404 Niamey, Niger.
E-mail: [email protected]
Swamikannu Nedumaran, Scientist (Economics), International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: s.nedumaran@
cgiar.org
Albert Nikiema, Agro-forester, formerly of International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), now Forestry Offi cer at the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Forestry Department, Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]
Frank Niranjan, Scientist, Sri Lanka Council for Agricultural Research Policy, Colombo, Sri
Lanka. E-mail: [email protected]
Ephraim Nkonya, Senior Research Fellow, Agricultural Economist, International Food
Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street, NW Washington, 20006, USA. E-mail:
[email protected]
Ravula Padmaja, Senior Scientist, Gender Research, International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: r.padmaja@
cgiar.org
V Uma Maheshwara Rao, Project Coordinator (Agro-meteorology), Central Research
Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: vumrao54@
gmail.com
Naveen Prakash Singh, Formerly Senior Scientist (Economics), International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
E-mail: [email protected]. Presently, Principal Scientist, ICAR - National Institute of
Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP). Email: [email protected]
Piara Singh, Consultant, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Jetse Stoorvogel, Associate Professor, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA
Wageningen, Th e Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
Pornparn Suddhiyam, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Th ailand. E-mail:
[email protected]
Tran Van Th e, Head, Department of Sciences and International Cooperation, IAE, Phu Do,
TuLiem, Hanoi, Vietnam. E-mail: [email protected]
Philip Th ornton, Principal Scientist, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI),
Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected]
Sibiry Traore, Regional Scientist, GIS Specialist, International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 320 Bamako, Mali. E-mail: [email protected]
Robert Valdivia, Professor, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. E-mail:
[email protected]
Bandi Venkateswarulu, Former Director, Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Tesfamichael Wossen, Post-Doctoral Fellow – Impact Assessment, CIAT, Hanoi, Vietnam.
E-mail: [email protected]
Marou Assane Zarafi , Director of INRAN Kollo Station, Senior Scientist, Socio-Economist,
Institut National de la Recherche Agricole du Niger (INRAN), PO Box 329 Niamey,
Niger. E-mail: mazarafi @yahoo.fr
Foreword
Climate change is occurring and its eff ects are already being felt. Climate change will have an
impact on several sectors including agriculture, fi sheries and water on which the world’s
population depends for their sustenance. Th e full impact is imminent, irrespective of the
geographical distribution, and is going to be severe. Th e urgent need is to address the ques-
tion of who are highly vulnerable and are immediately at risk, as the critically aff ected popu-
lation requires attention and targeting to improve their capacity to overcome the associated
risks. Until recently, most scientifi c assessments on climate change impacts, adaptation and
resilience focused on the macro or regional level, with concentration on agriculture produc-
tion, food supply, natural resource sustainability especially in Asia and Africa, and with less
consideration at the community and farm household level.
Th is book is a compendium of studies on climate change challenges and adaptations at
the farm level, capturing research carried out across the continents of Asia and Africa. Th is
was spearheaded under the auspices of ICRISAT, along with partners and like-minded orga-
nizations, globally contributing to the research paradigm of improving resilience among the
farming communities in the semi-arid tropics region. It primarily features the key fi ndings
of a pioneering initiative supported by the Asian Development Bank on `Vulnerability to
Climate Change: Adaptation Strategies and Layers of Resilience’, encompassing vulnerable
target domains in Asia. It also captures key fi ndings from equally important initiatives in
sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana and Niger in West and Central Africa) and Kenya in East and
Southern Africa.
Th e book reiterates that climate change adaptation and mitigation are a practical neces-
sity, as well as a moral imperative at the grass-roots level: farm, household and community
– as they signifi cantly aff ect agriculture. Th e people who are bearing the brunt of the eff ects
of climate change are those who can least aff ord to do so. Th e identifi cation of adaptation
strategies and layers of resilience at the grass-roots level is viewed as an essential step in
addressing vulnerability to climate change (water scarcity, drought, desertifi cation, land
degradation and further marginalization of rain-fed areas). Research was envisioned to pro-
vide science-based solutions and approaches to adapt agricultural systems to climate change
for the benefi t of the rural poor and the most vulnerable farmers in the semi-arid regions of
Asia and Africa. Moreover, climate experts have been able to identify the causal factors infl u-
encing changes in productivity – attributing them to both climate change and instability –
and used this information to diagnose what needs to be done to manage or reverse the
ix