Climate and Hydrology in Mountain Areas

331 Pages·2005·34.035 MB·English

Climate and Hydrology in Mountain Areas
Climate and Hydrology in Mountain Areas . E dited by C. de J ong, D. Collins and R. Ranzi
 2005 John Wiley & Sons, L td. ISBN: 0-470-85814-1
Climate and Hydrology in Mountain Areas
Editors
Carmen de Jong
University of Bonn, Germany
David Collins
University of Salford, UK
Roberto Ranzi
University of Brescia, Italy
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Contents
Listofcontributors vii
Listofsymbols xi
Abbreviations xvii
Introduction:ClimateandHydrologyinMountainAreas xix
CarmendeJong,RobertoRanziandDavidCollins
1 AlpineClimateChangeandCryosphericResponses:AnIntroduction 1
RogerG.Barry
PARTI SNOWANDICEMELT 5
2 UseofPositiveDegree-DayMethodsforCalculatingSnowandIceMeltingandDischargein
GlacierizedBasinsintheLangtangValley,CentralNepal 7
RijanB.Kayastha,YutakaAgetaandKojiFujita
3 SurfaceEnergyBalanceofHighAltitudeGlaciersintheCentralAndes:TheEffectofSnow
Penitentes 15
JavierG.CorripioandRossS.Purves
4 UsingSubgridParameterisationandaForestCanopyClimateModelforImprovingForecastsof
SnowmeltRunoff 29
UlrichStrasserandPierreEtchevers
5 AssessmentofSnow-coveredAreasUsingAirTemperaturesDuringMeltinaMountainousBasin 45
PratapSinghandLarsBengtsson
PARTII SOILWATERANDPERMAFROST 57
6 PermafrostMonitoringinHighMountainAreasUsingaCoupledGeophysicalandMeteorological
Approach 59
ChristianHauck,DanielVonderMu¨hllandMartinHoelzle
7 EffectsofFrozenSoilontheGroundwaterRechargeinAlpineAreas 73
DanielBayardandManfredSta¨hli
vi Contents
8 WaterBalanceinSurfaceSoil:AnalyticalSolutionsofFlowEquationsandMeasurementsinthe
AlpineToceValley 85
MarilenaMenziani,SergioPugnaghi,SergioVincenziandRenatoSantangelo
9 SaturatedHydraulicConductivityandWaterRetentionRelationshipsforAlpineMountainSoils 101
StefanoBarontini,AlbertoClerici,RobertoRanziandBaldassareBacchi
PARTIII EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONANDWATERBALANCE 123
10 WaterBalanceModelingwithFuzzyParameterizations:ApplicationtoanAlpineCatchment 125
GeraldEder,Hans-PeterNachtnebelandMurugesuSivapalan
11 WaterRelationsofanOld-growthDouglasFirStand 147
TimothyE.Link,GeraldN.Flerchinger,MikeUnsworthandDannyMarks
12 ComparisonofEvapotranspirationandCondensationMeasurementsbetweentheGiantMountains
andtheAlps 161
CarmendeJong,MarcoMundeliusandKrzysztofMigała
13 ClimatologicandHydrologicCouplingintheEcologyofNorwegianHighMountainCatchments 185
Jo¨rgLo¨fflerandOleRo¨ßler
PARTIV COUPLINGMETEOROLOGYANDHYDROLOGY 215
14 RunoffandFloodsintheAlps:AnOverview 217
BaldassareBacchiandVigilioVilli
15 TheUseofCoupledMeteorologicalandHydrologicalModelsforFlashFloodSimulation 221
CharlesA.Lin,LeiWen,DianeChaumontandMichelBe´land
16 OperationalWeatherRadarAssessmentofConvectivePrecipitationasanInputtoFlood
ModellinginMountainousBasins 233
StefanUhlenbrookandDoertheTetzlaff
17 GeomorphologicalZoning:AnImprovementtoCouplingAlpineHydrologyandMeteorology? 247
CarmendeJong,PeterErgenzinger,MartinBorufka,ArneKo¨cherandMartinDresen
PARTV CLIMATECHANGEIMPACTANDMOUNTAINHYDROLOGY 261
18 TheInfluenceofGlacierRetreatonWaterYieldfromHighMountainAreas:ComparisonofAlps
andCentralAsia 263
WilfriedHaggandLudwigBraun
19 SnowmeltUnderDifferentTemperatureIncreaseScenariosintheSwissAlps 277
FranziskaKellerandSte´phaneGoyette
20 ClimateVariability,WaterResources,andHydrologicExtremes–ModelingtheWaterand
EnergyBudgets 291
OsmanYildizandAnaP.Barros
Index 307
List of Contributors
Yutaka Ageta, Department of Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Graduate School of Environmental Studies,
NagoyaUniversity,Japan
BaldassareBacchi,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofBrescia,Brescia,Italy
StefanoBarontini,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofBrescia,Italy
AnaP.Barros,PrattSchoolofEngineering,DukeUniversity,USA
RogerG.Barry,NSIDC/CIRES,UniversityofColorado,USA
DanielBayard,EPFLausanne,GEOLEP,ENAC,Switzerland
MichelBe´land,Re´seauque´be´coisdecalculdehauteperformance,Universite´deMontre´al,Canada
LarsBengtsson,DepartmentofWaterResourcesEngineering,LundUniversity,Sweden
MartinBorufka,InstituteofGeographicSciences,FreeUniversityofBerlin,Germany
LudwigBraun,BavarianAcademyofSciences,CommissionforGlaciology,Germany
DianeChaumont,OuranosConsortiumsurlaclimatologiere´gionaleetl’adaptationauxchangementsclimatiques,
Canada
AlbertoClerici,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofBrescia,Italy
DavidN.Collins,DivisionofGeography,SchoolofEnvironmentalandLifeSciences,UniversityofSalford,UK
JavierG.Corripio,InstituteofHydromechanicsandWaterResourcesManagement,ETH–Zu¨rich
CarmendeJong,GeographischesInstitut,Universita¨tBonn,Germany
MartinDresen,geoSYS,Berlin,Germany
GeraldEder,InstituteofWaterManagement,HydrologyandHydraulicEngineering,UniversityofNaturalResources
andAppliedLife,Austria
PeterErgenzinger,Berlin-BonnEnvironmentalResearchGroup,Bornheim-Uedorf,Germany
Pierre Etchevers, Centre National de Recherches Me´te´orologiques, Centre d’E´tudes de la Neige, METEO-
France,France
GeraldN.Flerchinger,USDAAgriculturalResearchService,USA
KojiFujita,DepartmentofHydrospheric-AtmosphericScience,GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalStudies,Nagoya
University,Japan
Ste´phaneGoyette,De´partementdeGe´osciences,Ge´ographie,Universite´deFribourg,Switzerland
viii ListofContributors
WilfriedHagg,BavarianAcademyofSciences,CommissionforGlaciology,Germany
Christian Hauck, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, University of Karlsruhe/Forschungszentrum
Karlsruhe,Germany
MartinHoelzle,PhysicalGeographyDivision,DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofZurich,Switzerland
RijanB.Kayastha,DepartmentofHydrospheric-AtmosphericScience,GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalStudies,
NagoyaUniversity,Japan
FranziskaKeller,De´partementdeGe´osciences,Ge´ographie,Universite´deFribourg,Switzerland
ArneKo¨cher,InstituteofGeographicSciences,FreeUniversityofBerlin,Germany
CharlesA.Lin,DepartmentofAtmosphericandOceanicSciences,andGlobalEnvironmentalandClimateChange
Centre,McGillUniversity,Canada
TimothyE.Link,DepartmentofForestResources,UniversityofIdaho,USA
Jo¨rgLo¨ffler,UniversityofOldenburg,InstituteofBiology&EnvironmentalSciences,Germany
DannyMarks,USDAAgriculturalResearchService,USA
MarilenaMenziani,DipartimentodiIngegneriadeiMaterialiedell’Ambiente–OsservatorioGeofisico,Universita`
diModenaeReggioEmilia,Italy
Krzysztof Migała, Institute of Geography, Department of Meteorology and Climatology, University of
Wroclaw,Poland
MarcoMundelius,Institutfu¨rGewa¨sserkundeundBinnenfischerei,Berlin,Germany
Hans-Peter Nachtnebel, Institute of Water Management, Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, University of
NaturalResourcesandAppliedLife,Austria
SergioPugnaghi,DipartimentodiIngegneriadeiMaterialiedell’Ambiente–OsservatorioGeofisico,Universita`di
ModenaeReggioEmilia,Italy
RossS.Purves,DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofZu¨rich,Switzerland
RobertoRanzi,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofBrescia,Italy
OleRo¨ßler,Institutfu¨rBiologieundUmweltwissenschaften,Universita¨tOldenburg,Germany
RenatoSantangelo,DipartimentodiIngegneriadeiMaterialiedell’Ambiente–OsservatorioGeofisico,Universita`
diModenaeReggioEmilia,Italy
PratapSingh,NationalInstituteofHydrology,India
MurugesuSivapalan,CentreforWaterResearch,UniversityofWesternAustralia,Australia
ManfredSta¨hli,SwissFederalResearchInstituteWSL,Switzerland
UlrichStrasser,DepartmentofEarth&EnvironmentalSciences,SectionGeography,UniversityofMunich,Germany
DoertheTetzlaff,DepartmentofGeographyandEnvironment,UniversityofAberdeen,UK
StefanUhlenbrook,UNESCO-IHE,DepartmentofWaterEngineering,Westvest7,2611AXDelft
MikeUnsworth,OregonStateUniversity,CollegeofOceanicandAtmosphericSciences,USA
VigilioVilli,CNR–ResearchInstituteforHydrogeologicalRiskPrevention,Italy
SergioVincenzi,ISMAR,GrandiMasse,CNR,Italy
ListofContributors ix
DanielVonderMu¨hll,PhysicalGeographyDivision,DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofZurich,Switzerland
LeiWen,DepartmentofAtmosphericandOceanicSciences,andGlobalEnvironmentalandClimateChangeCentre,
McGillUniversity,Canada
OsmanYildiz,FacultyofEngineering,KirikkaleUniversity,Turkey
List of Symbols
(cid:1)
A FuzzynumberofvariableorparameterA
a coefficientorempiricalparameter
a ratio
r
al,ac&ar Characteristicleft,centerandrightvalues,respectively,ofatriangularfuzzynumberA(cid:1)
[al(α),ar(α)] al(α)andar(α)indicatethelowerandupperboundsoftheintervalA(cid:1)(α)atanyα-levelinthe
interval[0,1]
b coefficientorempiricalparameter
C∗ effectiveheatcapacityofthesurface(Jm−2K−1)
C∗,snow effectiveheatcapacityofsnow(Jm−2K−1)
C bulkmoisturetransfercoefficient
e
(cid:1)
C Soilmoisturecapacityuntilfieldcapacityofthesoilprofile(mm)
fc
C bulkheattransfercoefficient
h
(cid:1)
C Totalcapacityofthesoilprofile.Themaximumstoragecapacityofthebucketmodel(mm)
tp
c velocityoftheelectromagneticwavesinthevoid(ms−1)
c specificheatcontentofairatconstantpressure(Jkg−1K−1)
p
D hydraulicdiffusivity(m2s−1)
D(θ) Hydraulicdiffusivityintheporousmedium(L2T−1,m2s−1)
D constantwiththedimensionsofthehydraulicdiffusivity(m2s−1)
0
D densityoftheforestcanopy
f
(cid:1)
D Totaldepthofthesoilprofiletoanimperviouslayer(mm)
tp
d displacementheight(m)
E evaporation(kg)
E cumulativeevaporation(m)
cum
E frozensoilmoisturecontent(kgm−2)
F
E groundevaporation(kgm−2s−1)
g
E istantaneousevaporation(ms−1)
i
E liquidsoilmoisturecontent(kgm−2)
L
E snowevaporationrate(kgm−2s−1)
s
E totalevaporationrate(kgm−2s−1)
TOT
E evaporationflux(ms−1)
v
EL latentturbulentheatflux(Wm−2)
e
ET evaporationandtranspiration(mmday−1)
E(cid:1) Dailypotential(E(cid:1) )oractualevapotranspiration(E(cid:1) )(mmd−1)
p a
e vapourpressure(hPa)
0
e saturatedvapourpressure(Pa)
s
F FractionalVegetationCover
F correctiontermfordiffuseradiationduetomultiplescatteringbetweengroundandsky
ms
(dimensionless)
F correctiontermfordiffuseradiationfromthesky(dimensionless)
sk
xii ListofSymbols
F correctiontermfortheangleofincidenceofsunontheslope(dimensionless)
t
f skyviewfactor(dimensionless)
v
G Shapeparameter(ReynoldsandElrick,1991)(−,−)
e
H Hydraulichead(L,m)
H soilcolumndepth(m)
c
H Geodetichead(L,m)
geo
h,h(t),h∗ Waterlevelinsidetheinfiltrometer(L,m)
h theoreticalmaximumdurationofsubshinehours(h)
sun
I interception(mm)
I storagecapacity(mm)
max
I interceptionofliquidprecipitation(mm)
p
I interceptionofsolidprecipitation(mm)
s
I solarconstant(Wm−2)
sc
I(t) Cumulateddrawdownofthewaterinsidetheinfiltrometer(L,m)
IDW inversedistanceweightingmethod
K,K(θ) Hydraulicconductivity(LT−1,ms−1)
K thevalueofksuchthatprobabilityfunctionofT becomeszero
k
K apparentdielectricconstant(−)
a
K horizontalhydraulicconductivity
HI
K Saturatedhydraulicconductivity(LT−1,ms−1)
s
K verticalhydraulicconductivity
VI
K∗ short-waveradiationbudget(Wm−2)
K↓ incomingsolarradiation(Wm−2)
K↓ solarfluxpenetratingthesnowpack(Wm−2)
snow
k(cid:4) z-axisunitaryvector,positiveupward(−,−)
k degree-dayfactorforiceablation(mmd−1◦C−1)
b
k degree-dayfactorforiceablationunderdebris(mmd−1◦C−1)
d
L waveguidelength(m)
L(t) Lengthofthesaturatedsoildepth(L,m)
L∗ long-waveradiationbudget(Wm−2)
L↓ long-wavedownwardradiativeflux(Wm−2)
L↑ long-waveupwardradiativeflux(Wm−2)
L(cid:4)↓ long-waveradiativefluxreflectedfromsurroundingslopes(Wm−2)
L latentheatofevaporation/sublimation(Jkg−1)
e
L latentheatoffusionofwater(Jkg−1)
f
L cumulativeloss/gaininthesoilvolumetricwatercontentstorage(m)
H
L Soillengthinsidetheinfiltrometer(L,0.10m)
inf
L latentheatofsublimation(Jkg−1)
s
M numberofobservationsinaday
M molecularymassofdryair
a
M frozensoilmoisture(kgm−2)
F
M meltingrateofsnow(kgm−2s−1)
S
M snowmass(kgm−2)
snow
M snowmeltfromthetrees(mm)
t
m Archieexponent;describestheeffectofporosityonresistivitychangefordifferentmaterials(−)
m(cid:1) Meltfactorforsnowmeltprocessesatthawconditions(mmK−1(cid:3)t−1)
f
N numberofdays
n saturationexponent;describestheeffectofsaturationonresistivitychange(−)
n(cid:4) Surfaceunitaryvector,positiveoutward(−,−)
P precipitation(mm)
P thresholdprecipitation(mm)
0
P atmosphericpressure(Pa)
a