CliffsTestPrep GRE CBT

451 Pages·2000·1.894 MB·English

by  Jerry Bobrow, Cliffs Notes, Inc

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CliffsTestPrep™
GRE® CBT
6th Edition
by
Jerry Bobrow, Ph.D.
Contributing Authors/Consultants
Peter Z Orton, Ph.D.
Allan Casson, Ph.D.
Jean Eggenschwiler, M.A.
Rajiv Rimal, Ph.D.
William A. Covino, Ph.D.
Bernard V. Zandy, M.A.
Howard Horwitz, M.A.
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About the Author Publisher’s Acknowledgments
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Author’s Acknowledgments
I would like to thank CliffsNotes Editor Michele Spence for her meticulous edit-
ing of the original manuscript and Tim Gallan and the Hungry Minds editorial
staff for reviewing and editing this newest edition of my work.
I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation to the following authors and
publications for permission to use excerpts from their fine writings:
Dr. Albert Upton,Design for Thinking, Stanford University Press.
Sy Montgomery, “Sharks,” Los Angeles Times,February 23, 1991, p.B-3.
“Opinions and Social Pressure,” Scientific American,New York,
November1955
John Stuart Mill, On the Subjection of Women, 1896.
Richard Losick and Dale Kaiser, “Why and How Bacteria Communicate,”
Scientific American,Volume 276, No. 2, February 1997. Page 69.
James R. Stamm, A Short History of Spanish Literature, Doubleday and
Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 1967, Pages 52-53.
And finally, I would like to thank my wife, Susan, daughter Jennifer (22), and
sons, Adam (19) and Jonathan (15) for their patience, moral support, and comic
relief.
— Jerry Bobrow
iii
8612-2_2 FM.F 5/6/02 9:39 AM Page iv
Table of Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
The Graduate Record Exam Computer-Based Test (GRE CBT), familiar
problems with a new delivery system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Study Guide Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Introduction to the GRE CBT: The Computer-Based Graduate
Record Examination General Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Questions Commonly Asked about the Computer-Based
GRE General Test (GRE CBT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Taking the GRE CBT: An Overview of the Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Test Center Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Using the Interactive Tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Scratch Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Test-Taking Strategies: The Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Don’t Get Stuck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Eliminate Wrong Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Working from Multiple–Multiple Choice Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
PART I: ANALYSIS OF EXAM AREAS
Introduction to the Verbal Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Introduction to Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A Short List of Common Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Antonym Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Answers and Explanations for the Practice Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Introduction to Analogies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Some Types of Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Practice Making Sentences with Word Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Possible Answers for Word Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Practice Analogy Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Answers and Explanations for Analogy Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Introduction to Sentence Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Practice Sentence Completion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
v
CliffsTestPrep GRE CBT, 6th Edition
Answers and Explanations for the Practice
Sentence Completion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Introduction to Reading Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Practice Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Answers and Explanations for the Practice
Reading Comprehension Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Using the Following Word List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Introduction to Quantitative Ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Introduction to Quantitative Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Suggested Approach with Sample Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Practice Quantitative Comparison Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Easy to Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Above Average to Difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Answers and Explanations for Practice
Quantitative Comparison Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Easy to Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Above Average to Difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Introduction to Math Ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Practice Math Ability Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Easy to Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Above Average to Difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Answers and Explanations for Practice Math Ability Questions . . . . . . . . . . 165
Easy to Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Above Average to Difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Introduction to Graphs and Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Charts and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Bar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
vi
Table of Contents
Circle Graphs (Pie Charts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Practice Graphs and Chart Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Answers and Explanations for Graphs and Charts Sample Problems . . . . . 195
Important Symbols, Terminology, Formulas, and General
Mathematical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Common Math Symbols and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Math Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Important Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Customary System, or English System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Metric System, or The International System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Problem-solving Words and Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Geometry Terms and Basic Infromation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Introduction to the Analytical Ability Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Introduction to Analytical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Practice Analytical Reasoning Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Set 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Set 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Set 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Set 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Set 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Set 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Answers and Explanations for Practice Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Set 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Set 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Set 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Set 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Set 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Set 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Introduction to Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Practice Logical Reasoning Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Easy to Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Above Average to Difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Answers and Explanations for the Practice Logical Reasoning Questions. . . 268
Easy to Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Above Average to Difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
vii
CliffsTestPrep GRE CBT, 6th Edition
PART II: FULL-LENGTH GRE CBT PRACTICE TEST
Verbal Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Quantitative Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Analytical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Charting and Analyzing Your Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Verbal Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Average Level Correct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Type of Question Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Quantitative Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Average Level Correct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Type of Problem Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Analytical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Average Level Correct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Type of Question Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Answers and Explanations for the Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Verbal Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Quantitative Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Analytical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
PART III: ANOTHER PRACTICE TEST
Verbal Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Quantitative Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Analytical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Answer Key For Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Charting and Analyzing Your Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Verbal Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Quantitative Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Analytical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Answers and Explanations for Practice Test Two . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Verbal Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Quantitative Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Analytical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Final Preparation: The Final Touches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Before the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
At the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
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