Clientelism, capitalism, and democracy: the rise of programmatic politics in the United States and Britain

167 Pages·2018·2.146 MB·English

by  Didi Kuo

Clientelism, Capitalism, and Democracy
Political parties in the United States and Britain used clientelism and
patronagetogovernthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.Bythetwentieth
century, however, parties in both countries shifted to programmatic
competition.Thisbookarguesthatcapitalistswerecriticaltothisshift.
Businessesdevelopednewformsofcorporatemanagementandcapitalist
organization,andfoundclientelisminimicaltoeconomicdevelopment.
Drawing on extensive archival research in the United States and
Britain, this book shows how national business organizations pushed
partiestoadoptprogrammaticreforms,includingadministrativecapa-
citiesandpolicy-centeredcampaigns.Partiesthenshiftedfromreliance
on clientelism as a governing strategy in elections, policy distribution,
andbureaucracy.Theybuiltmodernpartyorganizationsandtechniques
ofinterestmediationandaccommodation.Thisbookprovidesanovel
theory of capitalist interests against clientelism, and argues for a more
rigorousunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweencapitalismandpoli-
ticaldevelopment.
didi kuo is a Research Scholar at the Center on Democracy, Devel-
opment, and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, and a Fellow at
NewAmerica.
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Clientelism, Capitalism, and Democracy
The Rise of Programmatic Politics
in the United States and Britain
DIDI KUO
StanfordUniversity
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names:Kuo,Didi,1983–author.
title:Clientelism,capitalism,anddemocracy:theriseofprogrammaticpolitics
intheUnitedStatesandBritain/DidiKuo,StanfordUniversity.
description:NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2018]|Includes
bibliographicalreferences.
identifiers:lccn2018009861|isbn9781108426084(hardback)|
isbn9781108444439(pbk.)
subjects:lcsh:Patronage,Political–UnitedStates.|Patronage,Political–GreatBritain.|
Politicalplanning–UnitedStates.|Politicalplanning–GreatBritain.|Businessand
politics–UnitedStates.|Businessandpolitics–GreatBritain.|Capitalism–Political
aspects–UnitedStates.|Capitalism–Politicalaspects–GreatBritain.
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Contents
Listof Figures page ix
Listof Tables xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction 1
Capitalism,Clientelism,andPartyOrganization 3
BusinessDemandsagainstClientelism:TheArgumentinBrief 6
Contributions 8
OrganizationoftheBook 10
1 Clientelism asa Failureof Governance:ATheory of Business,
Parties, and Programmatic Demands 13
Clientelism:ConceptsandTheories 13
UnderstandingProgrammaticPolitics 28
CapitalistDemandsforProgrammaticReforms 31
EmpiricalStrategy 40
2 Clientelism asa Governing Strategy in the United States 43
VoteBuyingandClientelisminNationalElections 44
ClientelisminPolicy:PatronageandthePorkBarrel 52
PatronagePoliticsandtheFederalBureaucracy 57
Conclusion 61
3 Business Organization and the Push for Programmatic Parties 63
Party–BusinessLinkagesbefore1870 65
TheEstablishmentofNationalBusinessOrganizations 69
Businesses,Pluralism,andProgrammaticParties 85
vii
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viii Contents
4 Clientelism and Governancein Britain,1850–1880 93
ClientelismandVoteBuyinginBritishElections 94
ClientelismandDistributivePolicyinBritain 103
PatronageinBritain 109
TheEmergenceofProgrammaticParties,1870–1900 111
5 AdministrativeReform and Programmatic Partiesin Britain 116
TiesbetweenParliamentandBusinessbefore1870 117
TradeAssociationsandPoliticalEngagement 121
TheAssociationofBritishChambersofCommerce 123
Parties,AdministrativePolicy,andProgrammaticRepresentation
after1880 128
Conclusion: Capitalist Interests, Programmatic Parties,
andElusive Reforms 133
ClientelismasaGoverningStrategy 134
CapitalismandClientelism 135
BusinessInterestsandDemocraticReforms 136
FutureResearch 139
References 141
Index 157
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Figures
1.1 The economic costs ofclientelism page 35
1.2 Capitalist organization 36
2.1 Contested electionsto the House ofRepresentatives,
1789–2011 48
2.2 Proportion of contested House seats,1860–1940 50
2.3 Public andprivate legislation inCongress, 1870–1930 54
2.4 Proportion of private legislation inCongress, 1870–1930 55
2.5 Proportion of competitive civil service positions, 1870–1940 59
3.1 Interest group appearances before Congress 82
3.2 Campaign expenditures, 1860–1920 85
4.1 Petitioned elections inParliament 98
4.2 Party seat shares in House ofCommons, 1832–1892 99
4.3 Unopposed seats in nineteenth-century parliamentary elections 102
4.4 Public andlocal acts in Parliament, 1870–1920 109
ix
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Tables
2.1 Growth of thefederal bureaucracy page 58
3.1 Changesin capitalistorganization 68
3.2 Expansion of the Chambersof Commerce of the United States 78
4.1 Changesin the British electorate, 1801–1911 95
4.2 The growth ofprivate bills inthe eighteenth century 104
5.1 Changesin occupational shares of Conservativeand Liberal
Party MPs 120
xi
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