Table Of ContentCLEARING A PATH THROUGH
MINES/BOOBY-TRAPS...
Land Mines
Under an international agreement some of the leading powers have been destroying their
stocks of anti-personnel mines. But that doesn't mean mine warfare is over - far from it.
Mines have been with us a long time. The first mines were employed in the American Civil
War when Confederate forces linked tripwires to musket trigger mechanisms to fire black
powder and shrapnel charges with percussion caps. More like booby traps than today's
mines, they were named "land torpedoes", and their use in the war produced protests from
the Union government. Rudimentary anti-tank mines were employed by the German Army
in World War I. These were based on shells fitted with super-quick fuses, and proved
effective against American-crewed British-built tanks in 1918. However it was not until
World War II that effective mines, both anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP) were
developed and used in quantity.
Anti-personnel mines
Anti-personnel mines come in three forms: omni-directional bounding shrapnel, directional
shrapnel, and blast. Blast mines are about the size of a shoe polish tin and contain enough
explosive to blow off a man's foot. Among blast mines the most widely used have been the
Italian Tecnovar TS-50, which has turned up in three continents, and the widely copied
Soviet PMN. These contain respectively 50g and 240g of high explosive (HE) and are
designed to disable a man so that he he must be evacuated by two or four other men, and
subsequently passed down the casualty evacuation chain. The sight of men with blast
injuries to feet, legs and lower abdomen lowers morale and slows the momentum of an
advance.
Directional shrapnel mines, such as the U.S. M18A1 Claymore, blast 700 ball bearings
across a 60 degree arc at a height of two metres, to an effective range of 50+ meters.
Bounding AP mines, in the shape ofthe S.Mi.35 and S.Mi.44, were developed by the
Germans in World War II, and have been the model for all subsequent designs including the
Soviet OZM-4 and the Italian Valsella Valmara 69.
Bounding AP mines are triggered either by a tripwire or direct pressure. This fires a
container to a height of about a metre above the ground, where it explodes - scattering
fragments or ball bearings over 360 degrees, causing casualties out to 50 metres or so. Men
close to a directional or bounding mine will suffer multiple wounds, which are likely to be
fatal.
Anti-tank mines
Early anti-tank mines were designed to explode only after they had been subject to pressures
or around 210 kg. These designs used blast to cut tracks and disrupt road wheels, to produce
an "M" or mobility kill. Modern designs can destroy a tank or AFV, and so produce a "K"
kill. "K" kills can be caused by blast alone, but many mines now use a shaped charge to
produce this result. When a shaped charge explodes it projects a stream of molten metal and
gas which can penetrate considerable thicknesses of armour plate. They were used in World
War II for AT weapons, but only after the war was the technology used in mines.
AT and AP mines were originally produced in steel, though the Soviet Union experimented
with wood, and the Germans used pottery, glass and Bakelite as the external case. This made
the mines harder to locate using electronic mine detectors.
The most significant change in mine design came with the use of plastic. This is tough, light,
and can be colored to assist camouflage. It will not rust or deteriorate and since modern
mines have practically no metal parts, they cannot be detected with electronic mine
detectors.
Along with plastic came the electronics revolution. This made it possible to develop AT
mine fuses which could discriminate between types of vehicles, trigger a mine remotely, and
even switch it off, or "self-sterilise" after a pre-set time. The Swedish Type FFV 028
pioneered this technology - this mine would explode even if a tank straddled it, since its
magnetic field operated the fuse, so the mine attacked the full width of the AFV. The shaped
charge penetrated the hull and detonated on-board ammunition. A "thinking mine" had
entered service.
In World War II, the Germans also produced some of the most effective AT mines. Their
T.Mi.29 with its three ZDZ 29 igniters was copied by the Yugoslav Federal arms factories as
the TMA-4, albeit in plastic, and was one of the many mines used to block roads and defiles
in Bosnia.
Off-route mines, like the French GIAT MIACAH F1 and Swedish FFV 016, fire a shaped
charge into the side of an AFV when the vehicle either trips a wire or triggers an electronic
sensor. Sensors have allowed one-shot anti-tank weapons like the British Hunting LAW 80
and French Manhurin Apilas to be mounted on a simple tripod and turned into potent
ambush weapons. Off-route mines can be used to block defiles, close gaps in minefields, or
as part of a remote control ambush.
"Thinking" mines
Electronics have not only changed modern mine designs, they have given new life to older
weapons. The large fuse wells in many anti-tank mines will accommodate fuses which are
triggered by either seismic signals or the magnetic field of an AFV. The fuse can be
programmed with a "menu" of seismic signals so that it can discriminate between, say, an
M1A1 Abrams and a T-74. Before these sophisticated fuses were available, simpler
mechanisms were available to make mines more effective. For instance, the double impulse
fuse works after more than one vehicle has passed over it. This means that a minefield can
be designed with several outer lines of AT mines which will only explode when the first
wave of enemy tanks are already disabled or damaged deep in the minefield. The double
impulse fused mines may therefore damage or destroy valuable recovery vehicles, or the
second wave of enemy armour.
Mines may be fitted with anti-handling devices or tilt fuses, so that sappers attempting to lift
them by hand will trigger the mine, or ploughs fitted to AFVs will be destroyed as they are
used to dig out AT mines and push them to one side to clear a path.
A cheaper form of full width attack mine can be produced by a tilt rod screwed into the fuse
well. The rod stands about 0.75 metres clear of the ground. If it is pushed out of alignment
by the glacis plate, it will detonate the mine underneath the belly of the AFV.
Minefields
Mines are employed for three purposes: Barrier, Tactical and Nuisance. A barrier minefield
is intended to canalize an enemy attack into a "killing ground" where anti-tank guided
weapons (ATGWs) can be employed against tanks and Armoured Personnel Carriers
(APCs). These resemble a man-made equivalent of a natural barrier such as a river, swamp,
cliff or mountain.
Minefield design can incorporate existing natural and man-made obstacles - mines laid on
river banks or along anti-tank ditches are harder to detect and neutralise.
Tactical minefields are smaller and are laid around a battalion or company position to block
approaches and canalise vehicles into smaller killing grounds.
Finally there are nuisance minefields. These may be AT, AP or a mix. They may be laid
forward of larger minefields, on road verges, or in defiles where men and vehicles will pass.
Whereas barrier and tactical minefields are normally fenced and marked, nuisance
minefields are not.
Civilian casualties
Mines are designed to be easy to lay and arm - normally by removing a safety pin or clip -
but once laid and armed will not discriminate between friend, foe and neutral. In many of
the post-war conflicts in Africa, Asia and the Far East, terrorists and guerrillas have
emplaced both AT and AP mines in agricultural land, around water holes and wells, and on
roads and tracks.
Some of these mines have killed and wounded their military opponents, but many of the
victims are women and children who have remained in the area attempting to eke a living
out of the now lethal farm land. If the land is neglected it soon becomes overgrown, but the
mines remain beneath this scrub or secondary growth.
In some campaigns government forces have used fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters to lay
AP mines at random from the air in areas they do not control. All this makes detection and
neutralisation of mines very difficult.
An added problem is the presence of unexploded ordnance and booby traps/trip wires. The
former may be unexploded shells, sub-munitions, rockets and bombs which have been
launched or fired and not exploded - armed and unstable - or ammunition stocks abandoned
during fighting or grenades, anti-tank missiles or mortar bombs dropped by Soldiers in the
heat of battle.
Booby traps are small explosive charges with an electric or flash detonator and are initiated
when a foolish and unsuspecting Soldier picks up a trophy attached to a tripwire, starts a
vehicle, or simple opens a door or presses a light switch. Whereas mines are factory made
products, which can be neutralised by following known and relatively simple safety
procedures, unexploded ordnance and booby traps must be treated individually and can be
unstable and unpredictable.
Detection and clearance
Intelligence about mines, booby traps and unexploded ordnance can come from a variety of
sources. At words, casualties following an explosion indicates the presence of AT or AP
mines. However prisoners and deserters, captured mine maps, aerial and satellite
photography, and reports from recce patrols and forward Observation Posts (OPs), are
among the other sources of intelligence.
A sloppy engineer unit may leave the area littered with the packaging for mines, and may
even be stupid and lazy enough to leave the safety pins in the vicinity. Regular patterns of
disturbed soil as well as the minefield markers and fences may all give an indication of
recent activity.
Once the presence of a minefield has been established, it will have to be reconnoitred by
engineers to establish its mix - AT, AP or both - and extent. The engineers can then plan
their breaching operation. A distinction should be made between breaching and clearance. A
minefield is breached when lanes are cleared through it to allow men and vehicles to pass
through. Normally several lanes are cleared simultaneously so that the enemy cannot
concentrate its artillery and air attacks on one vulnerable axis.
Clearance takes place after the fighting is over, and is a painstaking process in which mines
and all types of ordnance are removed from the battlefield. After the campaign in the
Falklands in 1982 the priority was to clear the town of Stanley. In the late 1990s many of the
Argentine minefields in the countryside still remained in place, marked and fenced off, since
they posed no real threat to the civilian population. Extensive battlefield clearance took
place in Kuwait following its liberation in 1991.
Minefield reconnaissance uses both manual and electronic tools. One of the most effective
manual tools is a "prodder" - a non-ferrous metal rod which is pushed into the ground at an
angle of about 45 degrees. When it hits something solid the engineer may mark the site for
subsequent clearance, or begin the painstaking task himself.
This entails digging down around the mine so that a grapnel can be attached and the mine
pulled out of the ground my men under cover. If it has anti-handling devices these will
detonate the mine without causing casualties. In Cambodia UN de-mining teams found that
the Kyhmer Rouge had laid some mines at an angle so that a prodder used too vigorously
would detonate the mine.
It is also necessary to check for tripwires which may be attached to AP mines. These are
very thin and hard to spot. One technique is to use a light wand, which touches the wire but
does not detonate the mine. A simple length of wire such as a straightened wire coat-hanger
can be used successfully. Or you can throw/launch a grapnel and pull these wires from a safe
distance to pre-deontate the mines. (See devices below).
Electronic mine detectors have grown in sophistication as the metal content of mines has
diminished. Modern detectors can detect even tiny amounts of metal buried several
centimetres in the soil - although the more sensitive the detector, the more false alarms are
caused by small pieces of metal debris such as shrapnel fragments.
The essence of minefield breaching operations is speed. The fear that haunted Coalition
planners in the Gulf War was that the Iraqi minefields and obstacles would delay Coalition
forces long enough for Iraq to deploy chemical weapons.
One of the fastest ways to breach a minefield is with explosives. The British system, the
Royal Ordnance Giant Viper, uses eight rockets to carry a 67mm diameter, 230-metre hose
filled with aluminised PE6/A1 plastic explosive across a minefield. When it has landed, it is
detonated in a spectacular explosion, clearing a gap 183 meters long and 7.3 meters wide. it
will destroy most mines unless they have double-impulse fuses or are blast-proofed.
Two vehicles towing Giant Vipers working in relays can clear a gap 400 metres deep. As an
added precaution an AFV fitted with a mine plough then clears through the gap following
the explosion.
Similar line breaching systems are in use with the U.S. Army and marines, who use the
M58A5 Mine Clearing Line Charge (MICLIC), and the Chinese Army which as a 425mm
Type 762 tank chassis mounted twin rocket system. One rocket in the Chinese system will
clear a lane 130 metres long and 12 to 22 metres wide. The American MICLIC is trailer
mounted like the Giant Viper, and will clear a path 13.7 metres wide and 100.6 metres long.
On a smaller scale, man packable systems like the British Schermuly Rapid Anti-personnel
Minefield Breaching System Mark 2 (RAMBS-2) can be fired from a rifle with standard
ammunition. It has an explosive line 60 metres long which will clear AP mines to a width of
0.6 metres. Israel Military Industries (IMI) have a portable system (POMINS II) now
adopted by the U.S. Army which will clear a path through barbed wire as well as clearing
AP mines.
A World War I telescopic wire clearing charge, known by the British as the Bangalore
Torpedo, is still in use in the U.S., Singapore, Pakistan, Israel and Chile for both AP mine
clearance and wire obstacle breaching.
Modern AFV mounted mine detonating and clearing systems include rollers, flails and
ploughs. These are normally designed to be fitted to conventional Main Battle Tanks
(MBTs) to clear a path either directly ahead of the tracks or across the full width of the
vehicle. The Aardvark Joint Services Flail Unit (JSFU) is a highly specialised wheel and
track vehicle with a rear mounted cap with armoured glass which uses both flails and a
bulldozer blade to clear mines. Following the Gulf War the JSFU proved invaluable for
clearing Iraqi mines in Kuwait.
It is over 130 years since the first "land torpedoes" were laid with lethal results in the
American Civil War. Tragically mines will remain a worldwide hazard long into the 21st
century.
BREACHING the minefield maze
Reading all the myriad of Field Manuals (FMs) on the subject of mines and booby-traps,
you hear a chorus of voices calling for you to use non-metallic mine probes, grappling hooks
etc. etc. yet when you try to see if you have these things in your unit supply, you find that
you are Sorry, Out of Luck (SOL). There is a:
DETECTING SET, MINE PTBL, METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC
[PLT LDR VEH ONLY] [07661] 4D6 J38
NSN 6665-00-138-7998 1 EA QTY AUTH
Listed as standard equipment for Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) units, but so far, I've only
seen TANK units with these AN/PSS-12 mine detectors! A lot of good it will do to a vehicle
crew that doesn't have personnel to dismount and use the detector!
If you think Combat Engineers in M113A3s that the Army has failed to provide applique'
armor for are going to survive to do your breaching, you are sadly mistaken.
You, the infantry leader must come up with these Combat engineering tools yourself. First
you must know what's avialable from the "system":
http://www.pica.army.mil/orgs/pm-mcd/1demohom.htm.
So this is what we have come up with for our upcoming rotation to JRTC.
FM 20-32 Mine/Countermine Operations
FM 21-75 Combat Skills of the Soldier: Appendix C
FM 21-75 has the best breaching descriptions except you should wear helmet/body armor in
the prone position when doing the breach. Your rifle should be carried by another Breach
Team member, LBE should be dragged behind you hooked to your boot.
CARRY BAG
The easiest to obtain field carrying bag for your breach kit is the G.I.
map case provided it be improved with quick-release buckles and straps so the Soldier can
actually close the bag with something in it! This bag fits nicely into the left or right rear
sponson storage rack of the BFV for quick access by dismounting infantry. The breach kit
can be accessed even if the rear ramp is up, protecting the BFV from enemy fire. The breach
kit will also fit on top of the dismounted Soldier's rucksack in a quick-detachable manner or
slung across his back.
http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/2116/mapcase.htm
The point of the quick-release buckles is that a large amount of equipment can be carried in
the case, yet its fully secured in the cover flap which can be adjusted in length depending on
the bulk of what is carried inside. When you want the item, the buckles open with the pinch
of the fingers.
Sew a nampetape on the outside cover flap: "BREACH KIT" so unit members can identify
the purpose/contents of the case.
GRAPPLING HOOK/LINE
A small grappling hook or e-tool in a "L" shape tied to at least 100 feet of 550 cord can be
hand thrown over an area where booby-trap wires are suspected and pulled from a safe
distance to explode them. Obstacles and wire can be pulled away by tying the line to the
front eyelet of an armored vehicle. This will fit into your breach kit bag.
A hand or rifle-Launched Grappling Hook (LGH) has just been adopted by the U.S. Army
and can also be carried in the breach kit bag or in its own NBC decon-compatible plastic
hard case. Firing the LGH greatly reduces the exposure time while grappling to remove
tripwires and obstacles. Cost is about $75-150 depending on quantities. But units should be
able to order these from the supply system using its National Stock Number as a Class IX
expendable item. LGHs are clearing the way as we speak in the former Yugoslavia,
protecting Soldiers/Vehicles from injury.
The LGH has been designed to meet the U.S. Army requirement for a small, light, and
highly effective means to defeat tripwire mines and booby traps. This requirement, as well
as a need for efficient humanitarian demining equipment, is applicable throughout the world.
The LGH can be configured to operate with most standard infantry rifles, including the
5.56mm M16, M4 carbine, and 7.62mm NATO G3, as well as with single-shot commercial
rifles.
The range is approximately 100 meters with the M16, and is reported to be close to 200
meters with the G3. The LGH is reusable at least 20 times using blank ammunition. The
LGH can be fired using a stronger charge blank 5.56mm round. The blank that is used is the
M195 (DODAC 1330-G841). This is the 5.56 "grenade launching blank". They are not
being manufactured now, but a large supply is in inventory and it can be ordered through
normal channels. The range with this cartridge is at least as far as with the 5.56mm M855
ball round. The M200 is the standard 5.56mm noise making blank (used for MILES
training), and the range is only about 20-25 meters. This can be used for training, and these
are plentiful.
SAA international, maker of the LGH sells a commercial blank, the C195, at $150 per box
of 100, due to low rate production. It is not as good as the M195.
A number of units make a high-powered blank by using the M855 ball round and pulling the
bullet and plugging the tip with either a glue gun or silicon rubber from a tube. Be sure to
leave space and not compress the propellant. Others take three noise making blanks (M200)
and combine the powder into one, by filing down the tip of one blank to make an opening,
then pour in the extra powder. Once loaded, crimp the end closed by squeezing and rotating
the cartridge so it crimps evenly in a circle. Paint the full size charge RED to distinguish it
from regular blanks. I suggest keeping all grenade launching blanks in one magazine painted
red on the bottom. If you are in a training situation using blanks, and need to shoot the
grapnel a short distance, use regular blanks. If you need to go "long distance" pull out the
weak blank filled magazine and insert the long range blank magazine. In a combat situation,
just use live ball ammo to launch the grapnel for long distances. If you need to shoot short,
use a color coded magazine with M200 blanks.
During MILES force-on-force maneuvers, the M17 MILES transmittor box rests over the
barrel blocking its use by the grapnel. Instead of removing it and the Blank Firing
Attachment (BFA), if you are in a unit that moves mounted, designate a crewman's M16 for
grapnel launching. When the vehicle stops for a breach immediate action drill, have your
designated grapnel launching Soldier take along the designated grapnel-launching rifle so
his regular MILES-equipped rifle can stay MILES-zeroed and ready to fire in self-defense
against OPFOR.
One other thing - be sure to fire a live bullet into the LGH first to set the trap, or the bullet
trap may fall out. When doing initial firing training, use an open grassy field and let the line
lay where it falls. After the Soldier fires the grapnel, have him walk to it and bring it back
instead of pulling it along the grass which could tangle the line.
The POC at PM-MCD, Fort Belvoir is Mr. Brian Green (DSN 654-2474 or commercial 703-
704-2474). He is an outstanding professional who has helped the Army solve the
countermine challenge with dedication and innovation at low cost.
The compact standard package contains the grapnel, bullet trap. bridle, and retrieval line.
The LGH is type classified by the U.S. Army (NSN 1095-01-412-4150) and is in full rate
production in the U.S. by SAA International, Ltd, under a U.S. DoD approved Quality
Assurance Plan.
The LGH has been demonstrated to meet all desired effectiveness and safety criteria.
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Note: Insure rifle muzzle is free of debris.
1. Inspect grapnel, bridle and retrieval line. See warnings, and additional information.
2. Place the retrieval line spool on its side on the ground with pay out end facing down
range. The Plastic wrapping does not have to be removed from the spool. Pull out about five
feet of line from the center of the spool.
3. Slide grapnel over muzzle until fully seated. Ensure bridle is clear of bayonet lug, front
sling swivel and front sight post.
4. Move to the rear and side of retrieval line spool.
5. Assume a modified firing position with the rifle stock UNDER the firing shoulder. Grip
pistol grip with the firing hand. Use the non-firing hand to grip hand guards and to adjust the
angle of the weapon to between 15 and 30 degrees. See modified firing position pictures.
Note: If tree limbs, wires, or other overhead obstacles are in the line of fire, aim weapon
below these and then engage target area.
6. After firing grapnel, pick up remaining line and walk back 30 meters. Using a slow
retrieval, hand over hand, clear target area of trip wires.
WARNINGS
Hearing protection required while launching grapnel.
Inspect grapnel, bridle, and retrieval line for damage before use. Check connections.
Grapnels with or missing tines should be used in training only.
Insure rifle is in semi mode before launching grapnel.
Heavy Recoil -- Take care when shoulder firing.
Avoid launching with rifle butt on ground. Rifle damage may occur.
DO NOT:
� Launch if grapnel cylinder is cracked, bent, dented, or deformed.
� Launch with armor piercing or tracer rounds.
� Fire more than one bullet into grapnel.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
For max range, use standard ammunition. Blanks or other rounds will reduce range.
Pull slowly. Grapnel can skip trip wires if pulled too hard or fast. Wear Gloves if you have
them.
Keep launching grapnels until no more mines detonate. Then proof lane with a final grapnel.
After NBC contamination, wash with hot, soapy water.
Grapnel can be re-used with blanks only. Recycled grapnel must be stenciled "FOR
TRAINING USE ONLY - USE 5.56MM BLANK ONLY.">
Inspect used grapnel before firing again with blanks. Discard if damaged. Grapnels with broken or
missing tines may be re-used in training.
TRAINING TIPS!
Obtain LGH Training Bag (NSN 1095-01-413-9231) with reusable line for use with
recycled grapnel.
We found that its faster to use a mini-link to join the two wire loops emanating from the
grapnel. This gives you a quick attach/detach capability for switching new lines after use.
The mini-clip is just $2 (904 D-02 ACC Biner 3/16 BLK Ranger Joe's).
Another option is to take the disposible line and cut it in half--200 meters is for a 7.62mm
weapons launch---and make up two x 100 meter spools using a paper towel cardboard roll
(start the rolling with the end of the line knotted and in a slot on the end of the roll). Tie an
overhand knot using a bight of line to create a figure-8 loop to clip onto the mini-link. Cover
up the spools with a shortened english muffin plastic bag and twist tie, leaving out the end of
the line with the figure-8 loop. You can now place the spool into your BDU trouser pocket
without fear of it unraveling into a tangled mess.
When you are ready to fire with the desired blank loaded, and the grapnel over the barrel of
your M16, you slide the figure-8 loop into the mini-link, undo the twist tie and bag and place
on the ground for the unraveling after the launch.
MINE PROBES
The best mine probes that are not made out of metal turn out to be plastic tent stakes.
Tent Pegs: G.I. Plastic Tent Pegs
G.I. Plastic Tent Pegs: Length: 9". Pkg of 6. Wt: 6 ozs.
Item : 6551
Amount : $2.75
These tent pegs can be ordered by clicking the following hyperlink from Ranger Joe's:
http://www.rangerjoe.com/catalog/selection.cfm?category=main&id=1548
Take a small piece of "550" para cord and make a wrist lanyard through the tent peg holes,
which can also be used as a trip wire "feeler".
The tent pegs fit nicely into the map case's large pen pocket.
The U.S. Army's PM for countermine replies:
There are two mine probes that can be used. Recommend you give consideration to:
NSN 6665-01-432-6213
Probe, Mine 5 Piece (TA-1)
$79.40
This is a collapsible titanium mine probe that has greater durability than the plastic probes.
While it is titanium, it will not disrupt magnetic signature-fuzed land mines. It comes
with a compact ballistic nylon sheath. It has been recently adopted by the U.S. Army
Engineer School for issue to each MOS 12B and two per AN/PSS-12 Mine Detector in
Airborne, Air-mobile, and light engineer Battalions and supporting equipment Companies
and Corps Battalions.
They are available from:
Mission Knives & Tools, Inc.
13805 Alton Parkway Suite D
Irvine, CA 92618
The NSN for the older Non-Metallic Mine Probe is 6665-01-371-4874.
Cost is about $10. Last time we bought it was from Federal Prison Industries. May still be
available in the supply system.
Larry Nee
Chief, Countermine Division
Project Manager for Mines, Countermine and Demolitions
Phone: 703-704-1970
DSN: 654-1970
FAX: 703-704-1969 WIRE CUTTERS
A small set of wire cutters will also fit into the breach kit case, though you can also use your
M9 Wire-Cutter Bayonet attached to your LBE, too.
WIRE GLOVES
Depending on the situation, you may need gloves with metal studs in them to handle barbed
wire without tearing your hands up. A set of these gloves will fit into the breach kit.
ENGINEER TAPE
After you have breached a path through the enemy's mines/booby-traps you may want to
mark this specific area to go through with white engineer tape.
BETTER MARKER FLAGS
The marker sticks can be collected locally (before entering hostile areas) or wooden dowels
cut for this purpose, carried in the breach kit bag.
The BEST solution was found by 197th Infantry Brigade Combat vet, SGT John Miller,
which is inexpensive high-visibility engineer stake flags which come in packs of 100 for
about $9. These are essentially stiff wires with bright orange flags that can be bent and
carried inside the breach kit bag.
100 Orange Glo Stake flags
4521OG-8
Empire Level Manufacturing Company
Milwaukee, WI 53226
W229N1420 Westwood Drive
