Table Of ContentClean Utilization of Coal
Coal Structure and Reactivity, Cleaning and Environmental Aspects
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Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences -Vol. 370
Clean Utilization of Coal
Coal Structure and Reactivity, Cleaning
and Environmental Aspects
edited by
Yuda Yurum
Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering,
Hacettepe University,
Ankara, Turkey
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering of Catalytic Solid Fuel Conversion for the Production of Clean
Synthetic Fuels
Akc;ay, Turkey
July 21-August 3, 1991
Library of Congress Cetaloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data
Clean utlltzatton cf coal , coal structure and reactivity, cleaning,
and envtronaental aspects ! edited by Vuda V~r~m. ·
p. c•. -- !NATO ASI series. Series c. Mathematical ana
physical sciences ; val. 370l
Lectures presented at an Institute held tn Akcay, Edremtt, Turkey.
Jul. 21-Aug. 3, 1991.
Inc 1u des 1n dex.
ISBN 978-90-481-4158-6 ISBN 978-94-017-1045-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1045-9
1. Coal--Cleaning--Congresses. 2. Coal gastflcatton--Congresses.
3. Co a 1 1 I quefactt on--Congresses. I. V~r~m. Yuda. 1946-
II. Series, NATO ASI series. Series C. ~lathematical and phys•cal
sciences ; no. 370.
TP325.C488 1992
662.6'23--dc20 92-8533
ISBN 978-90-481-4158-6
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the copyright owner. ·
CONTENTS
FOREWORD vii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix
PARTICIPANTS xi
PART I. STRUCTURE AND REACTIV/1Y OF COAL
The Physical and Macromolecular Structure of Coals
John W. Larsen
Fundamentals of Coal Pyrolysis and Liquefaction 15
Alec F. Gaines
Solubilization of Coal 33
La"y L. Anderson and W. H. Yue11
Coal Liquefaction Kinetics 39
La"y L. Anderson
Catalysis in Direct Coal Liquefaction 49
Larry L. Anderson
Catalytic and Chemical Behavior of Coal Mineral Matter
in the Coal Conversion Process 65
Harold H. Schobert
Determination of Coal Behavior for Practical Coal Conversion Processes 75
Peter J. J. Tromp, Freek Kapteijn and Jacob A. Moulijn
Organic Reactions at High Temperatures in Coal Technology 85
Harold H. Schobert
Bioconversion of Coal 97
Abdurrahman Tanyolaf, TUiay Durusoy, Iijen Ozb~ and Yltda YUrUm
PART II. FACTORS AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL BALANCE
Direct Assaults on Well Being "Selected Contaminants in Marine Ecosystems
and Human Activities Affecting the Environment" 109
Turgut /. Balk~
Understanding of Environmental Disruption "Natural and Pollutant Fluxes,
Simple Mass Balance Models" 121
Turgut /. Balk~
Assessment of Environmental Damage by Fossil Fuels 131
Frano Barbir and T. Nejat Veziroglu
vi
PART JII. PRE-USAGE CLEANING OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES
Present Practice in Physical Coal Cleaning Operations 153
Yuda YiirUm
Chemical Processes for Demineralization and Desulfurization of Fuels 173
Harold H. Schobert
Biodesulfurization of Coal 185
Giilhan Giillii, Tiilav Dzuusov, Tiien Ozbas, Abdzuralunan Tanvolac
and Yuda Yilrilm
PART N. UPGRADING OF COAL liQUIDS AND GASES
Upgrading of Coal-Derived Liquids 207
Larry L. Anderson
Gas Upgrading, Cleaning and Purification 213
Ekrem Ekinci
Desulfurization of Coal Gas at High Temperatures with Regenerable Sorbents 221
Aysel T. Atzmtay
PART V. OXYGEN ENRICHED PROCESSES
Oxygen Production 239
Ekrem Ekinci
Auidised Bed Combustion of Coals and Environmental Protection 247
Ekrem Ekinci
Advances in the Development of Coke Free Iron Oxide Reduction 261
Marcel Weeda, Freek Kapteijn and Jacob A. Moulijn
PART VI. PROBABLE FUTURE SOLUTION FOR ENERGY
AND POLLUTION PROBLEMS
Hydrogen Energy System and Hydrogen Production Methods 277
Frano Barbir and T. Nejat Veziroglu
Economic Comparison of Hydrogen and Fossil Fuel Systems 295
T. Nejat Veziroglu and Frano Barbir
SUBJECT INDEX 315
FOREWORD
This volume contains the lectures presented at the Advanced Study Institute on
"Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Catalytic Solid Fuel Conversion for the Production
of aean Synthetic Fuels" which was held at Ak~;ay, Edremit, Tiirkiye, between July 21 and
August 3, 1991. The book includes 23 chapters originally written for the meeting by
distinguished scientists an technologists in the field. l would like to acknowledge the
contribution of each of the authors in the book. Their efforts have shed light on our
understanding in coal science research and better utilization of coal.
Three main subjects: structure and reactivity of coal; cleaning of coal and its products,
and factors affecting environmental balance of energy usage and solutions for future, were
discussed in the Institute and these are presented under six groups in the book. I hope that
the book will be of great use to research workers from academic and industrial background.
Many people contributed to the success of the Institute on which this volume was based.
I take this occasion to thank my colleagues who lectured in the Institute, both for their efforts
during the two weeks and their expertly prepared lecture notes that reached to me in time.
The Institute was generously sponsored by the Scientific and Environmental Affairs
Dh·ision of the NATO and their contribution is deeply acknowledged.
Finally, I acknowledge the people who contributed to the organizational aspects of the
Institute. I include in this list for her endless encouragements my wife Perla Yfirfim and for
their efforts my graduate students Dr. Murat Az1k, Abdfilkerim Karabakan, NUI'§en Altunta§,
Faize Ak~;aba and Demet Er~;in. Special thanks are due to my student Demet Gfiler for
typing of some of the manuscripts.
I should also convey my appreciation to the publishers themselves for their customary
efficiency in bringing out this volume.
Ankara YUDA YDRDM
February 1992 Director
NATO ASI on
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
of Catalytic Solid Fuel Conversion for
the Production of Clean Synthetic Fuels
vii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Professor Larry Anderson
Department of Fuels Engineering
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT 84112-1183
U.S.A.
Professor Aysel AtJmtay
Department of Environmental Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Ankara 06530
Tiirkiye
Professor Turgut Balk&§
Department of Environmental Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Ankara 06530
Tiirkiye
Dr. Frano Barbir
Clean Energy Research Institute
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
U.S.A.
Professor Ekrem Ekinci
Department of Chemical Engineering
istanbul Technical University
istanbul 80626
Tiirkiye
Professor Alec F.Gaines
Institute of Marine Sciences
Middle East Technical University
P.O.Box 28
Erdernli, i~el 33731
Tiirkiye
Professor john W. Larsen
Department of Chemistry
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
U.S.A.
Professor jacob A.Moulijn
Department of Chemical Engineering
Delft University of Technology
Julianalaan 136
2628 BL Delft
Holland
ix
X
Prof. Harold H.Schobert
Fuel Science Program
209 Academic Projects Building
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA16802
U.S.A.
Professor Abdurrahman Tanyola~
Department of Chemical Engineering
Hacettepe University
Beytepe
Ankara 06532
Turkiye
Professor Nejat Veziroglu
Clean Energy Research Institute
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
U.S.A.
Professor Yuda Yiiriim
Department of Chemistry
Hacettepe University
Beytepe
Ankara 06532
Turkiye
