Table Of ContentSPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENERGY
Sushant Kumar
Clean Hydrogen
Production
Methods
SpringerBriefs in Energy
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8903
Sushant Kumar
Clean Hydrogen
Production Methods
123
SushantKumar
Department of Mechanical
andMaterials Engineering
Florida InternationalUniversity
Miami, FL
USA
ISSN 2191-5520 ISSN 2191-5539 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inEnergy
ISBN 978-3-319-14086-5 ISBN 978-3-319-14087-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14087-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957723
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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In loving memory of my father
Foreword
The book discusses solutions to the existing problem related to the production of
hydrogen.Similartoelectricity,hydrogenisahigh-efficiencyenergycarrier,which
canleadtozeroornear-zeroemissionsatthepointofuse.Ironically,theproduction
ofhydrogenisanenergyintensiveprocessandthusnullifiesitsinherentadvantage.
The required energy is mainly provided by burning fossil fuel which subsequently
emitsahugeamountofCO perunitofhydrogen.Overtheyears,alotofattention
2
hasbeengiventomitigateemissionofCO duringhydrogenproduction.Thisbook
2
presents various clean methods to produce hydrogen using both fossil and non-
fossilenergysources.Moreover,thebookillustratesnoveltechniquesbasedonthe
inclusion of oxides and hydroxides in the existing major hydrogen production
technologies. Such methods provide a local minimal solution to a global problem.
Depending on how the carbon binding solid is used, the carbon dioxide emission
may be delayed or permanently prevented.
The information in this book can be useful for engineers, scientists, researchers
and practitioners involved in the various fields of hydrogen production and CO
2
mitigation techniques. The book reviews the latest development in these areas,
presents novel methods and also critically evaluates the efforts made so far.
Miami, FL, USA Prof. S.K. Saxena
CeSMEC, Florida International University
vii
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to Prof. S.K. Saxena for his
invaluable guidance, encouragement, excellent comments throughout this project.
Hisconstructivecriticismandcriticalreviewwereabsoluteblessingsformybook.I
offer my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Vadym Drozd for his continuous suggestions and
help during the start of this research work. Also, I would like to thank Elizabeth
Hawkins and Judith Hinterberg for helping me to write for the highly prestigious
SpringerBriefsinEnergy.Iamalsothankfultomyfriends,NikolozEsitashviliand
Vivek Rao, who supported me to achieve this work of art. Moreover, I shall be
grateful to University Graduate School, FIU for supporting me with through Dis-
sertation Evidence Acquisition (DEA) and Dissertation Year Fellowship (DYF)
awards.
Ifallshortofwordstoexpressmywholeheartedgratitudetomyfamilyforbeing
my source of energy. Their blessings, selfless and unfeigned love and empathy
always motivatedme tobe happy. Iwouldlike to thank my mother for her eternal
love and sacrifice for me. This book is a gift to my mother. Last but not the least,
thanks to Jessica Bartley.
ix
Contents
1 Role of Hydrogen in the Energy Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Sodium Hydroxide for Clean Hydrogen Production. . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 Overview of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Hydrogen Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 Fossil Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.3 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.4 Water-Splitting Thermochemical Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.5 Organic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Modified Steam Methane Reformation Methods
for Hydrogen Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Steam Methane Reforming Using Non-fossil Energy
Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Steam Methane Reforming Using Fossil Energy Sources. . . . . . 36
3.3.1 Sorption-Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming
(SE-SMR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.2 Chemical Looping Steam Methane Reforming
(CL-SMR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.3 Hydrogen Membrane Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
xi
xii Contents
3.4 In Situ CO Capture Using NaOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4 Modified Coal Gasification Process for Hydrogen Production. . . . . 55
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Coal Gasification Using Fossil Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.1 HyPr-RING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.2 ZECA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2.3 CCR (Carbonation–Calcination Reaction) . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2.4 AGC: Advanced Gasification Combustion. . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3 Coal Gasification Using Non-fossil Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.1 Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.2 Solar-Driven Gasification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4 In Situ CO Capture Using NaOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
