Clean Energy from Waste and Coal

294 Pages·1992·5.26 MB·English

by  M. Rashid Khan (Eds.)

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In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
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In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
515
ACS S Y M P O S I UM SERIES
Clean Energy
from Waste and Coal
01 M. Rashid Khan, EDITOR
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1 Developed from a symposium sponsored
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99 at the 202nd National Meeting
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American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1992
In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clean energy from waste and coal / M. Rashid Khan,
editor.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 515)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division
of Fuel Chemistry at the 202nd National Meeting of the
1 American Chemical Society, New York, New York, August
00 25-30, 1991."
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5.f Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
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2- ISBN 0-8412-2514-1
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k-1 1. Waste products as fuel—Congresses. 2. Coal—
b Congresses.
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10 I. Khan, M. Rashid. II. Series.
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doi: T33P33.7609.'C385—5 dc12909 2 92-38386
2 | CIP
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ber The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National
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e: Copyright © 1993
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
1993 Advisory Board
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
V. Dean Adams Bonnie Lawlor
Tennessee Technological Institute for Scientific Information
University
Douglas R. Lloyd
Robert J. Alaimo The University of Texas at Austin
Procter & Gamble
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Robert McGorrin
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ubli Hiroshi Ito University of Illinois
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University of Pennsylvania University of Sheffield (England)
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Dow-Corning Corporation
In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Foreword
lHE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to
provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book
form. The purpose of this series is to publish comprehensive
books developed from symposia, which are usually "snapshots
in time" of the current research being done on a topic, plus
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99 the topic and for comprehensiveness of the collection. Some
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k- papers are excluded at this point, and others are added to
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21/ round out the scope of the volume. In addition, a draft of each
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oi: This anonymous review process is supervised by the organiz
d ers) of the symposium, who become the editor(s) of the book.
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9 The authors then revise their papers according to the recom
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3, 1 mendations of both the reviewers and the editors, prepare
er 2 camera-ready copy, and submit the final papers to the editors,
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ec As a rule, only original research papers and original re
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Dat tions of previously published papers are not accepted.
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bli M. Joan Comstock
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In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Preface
±HE USE OR DISPOSAL OF OUR ENORMOUS WASTE RESOURCES in an
efficient and environmentally acceptable way constitutes one of the major
challenges of our time. Currently, nearly half the petroleum consumed in
the United States annually is imported. The billions of dollars the U.S.
spends for imported oil underlines the magnitude of this country's energy
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00 needs and rate of consumption. Both domestic consumption and depen
pr
5. dence on imported energy are expected to grow. Therefore, conversion of
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05 our wastes into clean energy is a significant—and urgent—technical chal
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9 lenge for our scientists.
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k- More than 160 million tons of garbage are produced in the United
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1/ States every year, about two-thirds of a ton per person. In our culture of
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10 planned obsolescence, even durable goods find their way to the junkyard.
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1 It is often more convenient and economical to throw away clocks and
doi: cabinets than to repair them, as is generally done in other nations. Use
2 | of solid wastes, agricultural residues, and trees through thermal conver
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1 sion processes have been practiced to a varying extent in many parts of
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2 the world. Energy shortages and environmental issues during the past
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b decades, however, have introduced new perspectives in developing energy
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ce resources from these waste materials.
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e: We need to develop environmentally acceptable and economical
at waste-based fuel forms by appropriate pre- and posttreatment. The
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n objective of this book is to identify problems and opportunities in deriv
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ati ing clean energy from waste. The following wastes are considered: muni
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bli cipal solid waste, sludge, biomass, plastics, and tires. The chapters can be
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divided into two broad categories: (a) fundamental and applied aspects of
waste to energy conversion and (b) the characterization, use, and disposal
of byproduct ash. In many chapters, co-utilization of coal and waste have
been considered. No book of this sort can hope to be comprehensive; we
have tried to present an interdisciplinary treatment of some of the major
topics to stimulate scientific collaboration.
xi
In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
This book would not have been possible without the dedicated work
of the authors, reviewers, and the ACS Books Department staff. The
efforts of Rhonda Bitterli, Cheryl Shanks, and Bruce Hawkins of the ACS
are greatly appreciated.
M. RASHID KHAN
Texaco, Inc.
Beacon, NY 12508
October 1, 1992
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xii
In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Chapter 1
Clean Energy from Waste
Introduction
M. Rashid Khan1 and Kenneth E. Daugherty2
1Research and Development Department, Texaco, Inc.,
P.O. Box 509, Beacon, NY 12508
2Chemistry Department, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203
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1 It has been stated that the North Americans are short on
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2-0 energy but long on wastes. On a per capita basis, the
9 United States is the largest consumer of energy but the
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k-1 greatest producer of waste in the world. The US cities
1/b dispose of about half a million tons of municipal solid
2 waste (MSW) daily (about 95% of which is land-filled),
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0.1 while importing over 15 million barrels of crude daily.
oi: 1 Olvaenrd fi8l0ls% boyf t hteh een dc iotfi ets hisa rdeec eaxdpe.e ctTedh et eono rrmuinty o ouft t hoe f
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2 | problem has been depicted by the story of a garbage-laden
99 barge from NY crossing international waterways in
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3, desperate search of a dump-site.
er 2 The US uses about 5% of its MSW to generate electricity,
b while the other industrial nations have been doing so at
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e a much larger scale for a longer time. For example, Japan
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De uses 26% of its waste in 361 plants. The use by other
e: nations are as follows: Germany 35%; Sweden 51%;
Dat Switzerland over 75%. The slow growth in the waste
n utilization facilities in the US is primarily a result of
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ati concern over air pollution generated from these
blic facilities.
u In addition to MSW problems, to the treatment plants in
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the US, the total daily flow of wastewater is expected to
increase from a current 28 billion gallons to about 33
billion gallons by the year 2000. Much of the sewage,
present in the wastewater, and industrial sludges had been
traditionally landfilled or ocean dumped.
Over a decade ago, the US embraced several waste-to-
energy facilities, but plant failures and operational
difficulties were the norm. Years later, the technology
is now more mature but the problem still exists in terms
of public perception and governmental support. There are
barriers on both scientific and social/institutional
aspects. For example, in response to mounting pressures
on municipalities to meet increasingly stringent
0097-6156/93/0515-0001$06.00/0
© 1993 American Chemical Society
In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
2 CLEAN ENERGY FROM WASTE AND COAL
environmental regulations by installing expensive control
equipment, many simply decided to retire their facilities
to "moth-ball" status. When an organization plans a
waste-to-energy plant, the community typically responds
by expressing the "not-in-my-backyard" syndrome.
There are serious concerns over the potential release
of some products of incomplete combustion (products such
as benzopyrene, dioxin, and benzofurans) and emission of
volatile metals from incinerators. Numerous studies have
been initiated by the US DOE, EPA and various industries
for identifying ways to mitigate these problems. Energy
recovery from waste has received broad technical
acceptability as new and advanced technologies
demonstrate their capability. For example, in contrast
to direct combustion, advanced gasification technologies
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ch The synthesis gas can be combusted in advanced gas
15. turbines to generate electricity without contributing to
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0 air pollution. Coal represents 90% of the U.S. proven
92- reserves of fossil fuels. In many cases, both waste and
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1 coal are used for energy generation. Co-utilization of
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b waste and coal offers many technical and economic
21/ advantages not achieved by processing waste alone. Thus,
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1 in several chapters of this book, the use of coal has been
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oi: The objective of this book, contributed by
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99 state-of-the-art data related to waste-to-clean energy
3, 1 processes. The major wastes of interest are: sewage and
2 industrial sludge, municipal solid waste, tires, biomass,
ber plastics and polymeric wastes. The reader will recognize
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n Sewage and Industrial Sludge
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blic Dumping of sludge in the Boston Harbor became a hot debate
u issue during the 1988 presidential election, although a
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relatively small portion of sludge produced is ocean
dumped (Table I) . Major cities in the Eastern US (New
York City, Boston, and municipalities located in major
counties such as Westchester and Suffex) had been dumping
sewage sludge in the ocean. Treatment plants in the US
produce about 7 million tons of dry sewage sludge daily.
About 20% of the sludge produced is incinerated and about
60% of it is landfilled, while only a small portion of the
overall production is ocean dumped. The EPA, however, has
imposed a stiff penalty for ocean dumping of sludge.
After January, 1992, the penalty for ocean dumping was
increased to $600 per dry ton of sludge in the Eastern US.
The alternatives of ocean dumping, namely landfilling or
incineration, are meeting strong opposition for
environmental reasons.
In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal; Khan, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.