Clean Energy for Sustainable Development. Comparisons and Contrasts of New Approaches

601 Pages·2016·37.121 MB·English

by  Mohammad G. Rasul, Abul Kalam Azad and Subhash C. Sharma (Eds.)

CLEAN ENERGY FOR
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Comparisons and Contrasts
of New Approaches
Edited by
MOHAMMAD G. RASUL
ABUL KALAM AZAD
SUBHASH C. SHARMA
School of Engineering and Technology
Central Queensland University
Queensland, Australia
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
A. Adnan
Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
S. Ahmed
Islamic University of Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
S.S.U. Ahmed
Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
S.I. Al-Resayes
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
O.M. Ali
Northern Technical University, Kirkuk, Iraq
A. Allali
University of Science and Technology of Oran, Oran, Algeria
M. Arshad
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
A.E. Atabani
Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
BioGreen Power Arge, Erciyes Teknopark, Kayseri, Turkey
A.K. Azad
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
H.M. Boulouiha
University of Relizane, Relizane, Algeria
M. Danish
University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
M. Denai
University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
M.M. El-Sheekh
Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
P.M. Gresshoff
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
P.K. Halder
Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
M. Hasan
The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
N.M.S. Hassan
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
j
xiii
xiv ListofContributors
D. Honnery
Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
M.S. Hossain
UMPEDAC, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
A. Indrasumunar
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
M.U.H. Joardder
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
M.A. Kalam
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
M.M.K. Khan
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
G. Kumar
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
T.A.G. Langrish
The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
W.G. Le Roux
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
H.M. Mahmudul
University Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
R. Mamat
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
H.H. Masjuki
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
M.H. Masud
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
J.P. Meyer
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
M. Mofijur
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
P. Moriarty
Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
H. Mukhtar
Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
M.W. Mumtaz
University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
ListofContributors xv
G. Najafi
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
R. Narayanan
Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
I.A. Nehdi
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
A.K. Pandey
UMPEDAC, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
M.A. Quader
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
M.A. Rahim
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
N.A. Rahim
UMPEDAC, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
M.M. Rahman
Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
U. Rashid
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
M.G. Rasul
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
A.K.M. Sadrul Islam
Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
S. Salehin
Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
P.T. Scott
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
J. Selvaraj
UMPEDAC, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
S.C. Sharma
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
S. Shobana
Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tirchendur, India
S. Soltani
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
M.A. Tunio
Mehran University of Engineering Technology, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Mohammad G. Rasul
MohammadRasulisanAssociateProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringattheSchoolof
Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Australia.
Professor Rasul specializes in clean and sustainable energy technologies and their
applicationsinindustry.Hisresearchfocusesonrenewableenergy(solar,wind,biomass,
andbiofuels),buildingenergy(domestic,institutional,andcommercialbuildings),indus-
trial energy (process and resource industries), and thermochemical conversion of energy
(combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis).
His achievements, contributions, and recognition in research have been strongly
demonstrated by significant impact and the large number of publications (385 research
articles),andcitations(h-index19andcitations1694inScopus)byrelevantprofessionals,
both nationally and internationally.
Abul Kalam Azad
Abul Kalam Azad is a Research Scholar at the School of Engineering and Technology,
Central Queensland University, Australia.
Azad’s research focuses on advanced biofuel production and combustion, energy
extraction and processing, advanced computational fluid dynamics, modeling and
analysis, renewable energy (bioenergy, wind energy, and so on), natural gas processing,
and oil refinery.
Subhash C. Sharma
Dr.SubhashSharmaisaSeniorLecturerandDisciplineLeaderofAssetandMaintenance
ManagementprogramsattheSchoolofEngineeringandTechnology,CentralQueens-
land University, Australia.
Dr. Sharma’s main research focuses on conservation of energy and physical assets by
applying tribological and asset management principles. His recent works deal with
alternative fuels including biofuels, and their applications in industry.
j
xvii
PREFACE
Sincethepastdecades,theenergysectorisfacinganumberofchallenges;however,thefun-
damental challenge is meeting the growing energy demand in sustainable, environment-
friendly, efficient, and cleaner ways. Clean Energy for Sustainable Development: Comparisons
andContrastsofNewApproachesupdatestheindustryandacademiawithrecentdevelopments
inthisfield.Thebookprimarilyfocusesondevelopmentsinthefieldsofenergytechnology,
clean,lowemission,andsustainableenergy,energyefficiency,andenergyandenvironmen-
talsustainabilitytoacademics,researchers,practicingengineers,technologists,andstudents.
Themajorthemesincludedinthebookareasfollows:
(cid:129) Clean and sustainable energy sources and technologies
(cid:129) Renewable energy technologies and their applications
(cid:129) Biomass and biofuels for sustainable environment
(cid:129) Energy system and efficiency improvement
(cid:129) Solar thermal applications
(cid:129) Environmental impacts of sustainable energy systems
The book helps develop understanding the relevant concepts and solutions to the
global issues to achieve clean energy and sustainable development in medium- and
large-scale industries.
It was a challenging task to arrange and define sections of the book because of the
variety of high-quality contributions received from the authors. The book comprises
18chapters,whichwehavedividedintofoursections.Eachsectionhasaspecifictheme
that describes about what is contained in that section, thus providing continuity to the
book.
The first section introduces clean, renewable, and sustainable energy resources and
technologies,andtheirprospectsandpolicies.Environmentalimpactassessmentofdiffer-
entrenewableenergyresourcesandfutureprospectsofcarbon-negativetechnologiesare
also explained in this section.
The second section presents applications of solar energy in cooling technologies,
powerplants,andagriculturalandforestindustries.Morespecifically,solarenergyappli-
cations in thermochemical conversion of waste into energy, solar air conditioning, solar
kilnsforagriculturalandforestindustries,andsolarpowergenerationusingBraytoncycle
are discussed.
The third section explains recent developments in wind energy systems. Issues on
control design, stability, and power qualities in grid-integrated wind energy systems,
andanalysisofhybridsolarandwindenergysystemsforpowergenerationarepresented
and discussed.
j
xix
xx Preface
Thefourthsectionfocusesonpotentialandapplicationsofbiodieselasanalternative
fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel production from first (edible), second (nonedible), and
third(advancedbiodiesel)generationfeedstocks,suchasbushnut(Macadamiaintegrifolia),
legume tree (Pongamia pinnata), and microalgae, using different additives and transester-
ification processes (chemical and biochemical) are discussed.
Whilethetitlesofthesefoursectionsmaybe,insomecases,abitunorthodoxforthe
book,webelievethattheflowofthematerialwillfeelcomfortabletobothstudentsand
practicing engineers in the area of clean and sustainable energy.
Allthechapterswerepeerreviewedandtheauthorsaddressedthecommentsandsug-
gestionsofthereviewersandeditorsbeforecontributionswereacceptedforpublication.
The editors of this book would like to express their sincere thanks to all the authors
fortheirhigh-qualitycontributions.Thesuccessfulcompletionofthisbookhasbeenthe
result of the cooperation of many people. We would like to express our sincere thanks
and gratitude to all of them.
WehavebeensupportedbyMariaConvey,EditorialProjectManageratElsevier,for
completingthepublicationprocess.Wewouldliketoexpressourdeepestsenseofgrat-
itude and thanks to Maria for assisting and guiding us for this publication.
Mohammad G. Rasul
Abul Kalam Azad
Subhash C. Sharma
School of Engineering and Technology
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton
Queensland 4702, Australia
CHAPTER ONE
Sustainable Energy Resources:
Prospects and Policy
P. Moriarty1 and D. Honnery2
1MonashUniversity,CaulfieldEast,VIC,Australia
2MonashUniversity,Clayton,VIC,Australia
1.1 INTRODUCTION
According to the analysis of Marchetti [1], over the long term, energy sources
replace each other in a regular fashion. Thus the millennia-long dominance of biomass
endedinthe19thcentury,andwasreplacedbycoal,whichinturnwasreplacedbyoil.
Butgiventheproblemsfacedbythesefossilfuels,wearguethattheworldcouldwellsee
aneventualreversiontorenewableenergy(RE).Butatleastforthecomingdecades,RE
mustcompetewithitsrivalenergysources,fossilfuelsandnuclearenergy,forshareinthe
globalenergymarket.Atpresent,fossilfuelsdominateglobalenergysupplyastheyhave
doneforoveracentury,andareonlyveryslowlylosingshareinglobalcommercial(i.e.,
excludingfuelwood)energyconsumption.Theprimaryenergyoutputin2014isshown
in Table 1.1 [2].
The global values for energy shares (and energy use per capita) conceal large dif-
ferences between nations. A number of considerations are important in selecting the
energy types used in a given region or country:
• Local availability of the energy resource. Using locally available energy resources can
improve energy security, save foreign exchange, and provide local employment op-
portunities. For example, bioethanol production in the United States and Brazil is
regarded as a means for raising rural incomes and employment.
• Thecostsofeachenergytype,whichincludesconstruction,operationandmaintenance,fuelcosts,
and decommissioning. As is shown in the following sections, fossil fuels enjoy massive
subsidies, although all three energy groups are subsidized to some extent, either
through monetary subsidies of various types, or because external costs are not paid.
AnobviousandimportantunpaidexternalcostistheCO emissionsfromfossilfuel
2
combustion, although the carbon pricing schemes being introduced in some
countries partly address this issue.
• Environmental considerations. These may range from loss of scenic amenity (as in
resident opposition to wind turbines), air pollution from coal-burning power sta-
tions, or fears about radiation leakage or reactor accidents in the case of nuclear
CleanEnergyforSustainableDevelopment (cid:1)2017ElsevierInc. j
ISBN978-0-12-805423-9,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805423-9.00001-6 Allrightsreserved. 3
4 P.MoriartyandD.Honnery
Table1.1 PrimaryCommercialEnergyOutput,2014(EJ)
EnergySource EnergyOutput(EJ) %ofTotalEnergy
Fossilfuels 467.2 86.3
Nuclearenergy 24.0 4.4
All REsources 50.1 9.3
Note:EJ¼exajoule¼1018J.
DatafromBP.BPstatisticalreviewofworldenergy2015.London:BP;2015.
power. In fact, public opposition has been a major factor in limiting the growth (or
even outright moratoria) for nuclear power in OECD countries.
• Available financial and technical resources. For example, much of Africa’s hydro and
geothermal energy potential remains undeveloped because of lack of financial re-
sources.Alsomanycountriesdonotyethavethetechnicalcapacitytostartanuclear
power program. A further point is that for some countries the entire national grid
may be too small to support even a single nuclear reactor for baseload power.
Theseconsiderationsareofteninconflictwitheachother.ManyclaimthatthelargeUS
corn ethanol program, while undoubtedly beneficial to farmers, is not economic. Also
for the United States, shale gas has helped reduce US energy imports and so improved
energy security, but some argue that the economics of shale gas are fragile, and that
production will drop dramatically in few years [3]. Different countries give different
weight to these factors, which helps explain why the energy mix varies sowidely from
country to country.
Inthischapterwefirstexamineinturntheprospectsforthetworivalfuelgroupsto
RE.Weexaminethefuturedifficultiestheserivalfuelsarelikelytofaceinachanging
world,includingtheissuesofclimatechangeandpossibleresourcedepletion.Wethen
usethisanalysisasabasisforevaluatingtheprospectsforRE,payingparticularattention
towhich RE types are likely to exhibit the greatest growth in the coming decades. In
thefinalsection,welookatthepoliciesrequiredtobestencouragetheneededgrowth
in RE in what may well be an era of continuing financial constraints. We find that
removingthevastsubsidiestofossilfuelsrepresentsthesingle mosteffectivepolicyfor
RE development.
1.2 FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels occupy an entrenched position in the global fuel mix, having domi-
nated energy supply for over a century. In 2014, global consumption was 176.3EJ,
162.5EJ, and 130.9EJ for oil, coal, and gas, respectively [2]. A number of energy re-
searchersdoubtthatthisleveloffossilfuelenergyusecanbemaintainedformuchlonger.
Schindler[4],forexample,regardedoilsupplyashavingbeenonan(undulating)plateau
since 2004, with output decline imminent. For coal, he envisaged that “global coal