Table Of Contentﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻢﺴﺑ
University of Khartoum
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
Classification of Confined Spaces in Giad
Industrial Area
By
Mahgoub Hussein Idris Ali
B.Sc. (Hon.) in Tex. Eng. Tech.
University of Gezira 2003
A Thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements of Master Degree in Chemical Engineering
Supervisor:-
Dr . Kamal Eldin Eltayeb Yassin
May - 2008
Dedication:
To my mother who
gave me strength in life ,
and to my Father who
gave me the model of life that I follow to this
day.
hai
Acknowledgments
I wish to acknowledge above all the assistance and support given
by the supervisor, Dr. Kamal Eldin Eltayeb Yassin Head of
Chemical Engineering Department at Khartoum University, for his
contributed advice and many hours of time spent in reviewing this
Thesis.
Thanks are also due to Dr. Mohammed Fadlallah for his
invaluable and continuous help and constructive criticism.
Also my thanks and appreciations are extended to all engineers and
employees of GIAD Complex for their generous assistance.
Finally, I wish to acknowledge the support of my friends in the MSC
course.
Abstract
The objectives of the study involve highlighting and diagnosing the
hazards resultant from confined spaces in the, recently established Giad
industrial City. Moreover, it aims at identifying and determining those
locations whose entry requires special permit and, finally suggesting
methods for minimizing the potential hazards in the study area.
The Gas Alert Micro detector, a mobile highly sensitive detector,
was used for measuring atmospheric concentrations of those gases of
potential existence in the identified confined spaces.
The results obtained revealed that no increase or decrease in the
quantities of Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide or Hydrogen Sulfide. However,
in some of the storage tanks the oxygen is below the standard level of
19.5 % which imply that special permit has to be issued for entering those
locations.
An important recommendation of the study is to formulate a
comprehensive plan for confined spaces safety within Giad City. This
will include also conducting a hazcom study to ensure that all employees
working in or around these confined spaces will be aware of the potential
hazards.
II
-: ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻣ
ﻦآﺎﻣﻻا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻤﺟﺎﻨﻟا ﺮﻃﺎﺨﻤﻟا ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗو نﺎﻴﺒﺗ ﻰﻓ ﺔِﺳارﺪﻟا ﻩﺬه فاﺪهأ ﺺﺨﻠﺘﺗ
ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻟا ﺔﺤﺼﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻦﻴﻟﺆﺴﻤﻠﻟ ، ﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣ ةﺎﺸﻨﻤﻟا ، يﺮﺒﻜﻟا ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا دﺎﻴﺟ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺼﺘﻘﻤﻟا
ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ و ﺎهﺮﻃﺎﺨﻣو ﻊﻤﺠﻤﻟا ﻰﻓ ةﺮﺼﺘﻘﻤﻟا ﻦآﺎﻣﻻا ﻚﻠﺗ ﺪﺟاﻮﺗ ﻦآﺎﻣأ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ و ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟاو
وا ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟ ﻞﺋﺎﺳوو قﺮﻃ حاﺮﺘﻗا ﺎﻀﻳا فاﺪهﻻا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺎﻤآ ﺎﺤﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﺎﻬﻟﻮﺧد ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﻟا ﻊﻗاﻮﻤﻟا
.ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا ﺮﻃﺎﺨﻤﻟا يدﺎﻔﺗ
وذ لاﻮﺟ ﻒﺷﺎآ ﻦﻋ ةرﺎﺒﻋﻮهو ( Gas Alert Micro detector)زﺎﻬﺟ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳإ ﻢﺗ
ﻊﻤﺠﻤﺑ ةﺮﺼﺘﻘﻤﻟا ﻦآﺎﻣﻷا ﻲﻓ ﺎهدﻮﺟو ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻳ تازﺎﻏ ةﺪﻌﻟ يﻮﺠﻟا ﺰﻴآﺮﺘﻟا سﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ
. ﻰﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا دﺎﻴﺟ
وا ﻦﻴﺠﺴآﻻا زﺎﻏ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻓ نﺎﺼﻘﻧوا ةدﺎﻳز ﺪﺟﻮﻳﻻ ﻪﻧا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟأ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﻠﺼﺤﻣ ﺖﻧﺎآ
ﻦﻜﻟ ، ﺎﻴﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺑ حﻮﻤﺴﻤﻟا دوﺪﺤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻦﻴﺟورﺪﻴﻬﻟا ﺪﻴﺘﻳﺮﺒآ و نﻮﺑرﺎﻜﻟا ﺪﻴﺴآأ لوّ أ ﻰﻓ ةدﺎﻳز
تﺎﻧاﺰﺨﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ( % 19.5 ) ﻪﺑ حﻮﻤﺴﻤﻟا ﺪﺤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻦﻴﺠﺴآﻻا ﻪﺒﺴﻧ ﻰﻓ ﺺﻘﻧ ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﺖﻤﺗ
. ﻖﺒﺴﻣ لﻮﺧد نذا ﻲﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻳ ىﺬﻟا ﺮﻣﻻأ
دﺎﻴﺟ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻰﻓ ةﺮﺼﺘﻘﻤﻟا ﻦآﺎﻣﻻﺎﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ ﺔﻄﺧ ﻊﺿو ﻲﻓ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا تﺎﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻢهأ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ
ﻪﻣﻼﺴﻟا لﺎﺠﻣ ﻰﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻐﺜﺗ ﺔﻄﺧ ﻊﺿووhazcom) ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ﻦﻴﻔﻇﻮﻤﻟا ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻦﻜﻤﺗ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ (
يدﺎﻔﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟاو ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا رﺎﻄﺧﻻا ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ ةﺮﺼﺘﻘﻤﻟا ﻦآﺎﻣﻷا ﻚﻠﺗ لﻮﺣ وأ ﻲﻓ نﻮﻠﻤﻌﻳ
III
CONTENT
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………. I
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………. II
Arabic Abstract……………………………………………………………………. III
Content……………………………………………………………………………….. IV
List of Tables………………………………………………….. VI
List of Figures…………………………………………………. VII
List of Abbreviation…………………………………………… VIII
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1:1 General introduction………………………………………………… 1
1:2 Objective…………………………………………………………………. 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2:1 Description of confined spaces………………………………………… 4
2:2 Classification of confined space………………………………………. 5
2:3 Identification of confined space………………………………………. 9
2:4 Reasons for entering confined spaces……………………………. 14
2:5 Hazards in Confined Spaces…………………………………………….. 15
2:5:1 General………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
2:5:2 Hazardous Atmospheres………………………………………………………. 16
2:5:3 Physical hazards……………………………………………………………………….. 28
2:5:4 Engulfment…………………………………………………………………………………. 28
2:5:5 Mechanical Hazards………………………………………………………………… 29
2:5:6 Electrical hazards…………………………………………………………………….. 30
2:5:7 Thermal hazards………………………………………………………………………. 30
2:5:8 Noise hazards…………………………………………………………………………… 31
2:5:9 Biological hazards…………………………………………………………………. 31
2:5:10 Psychological hazards………………………………………………………….. 31
2:6 Permit& Non Permit Required Confined Space…………… 32
2:7 Precautions and personal protective equipment………… 36
2:7:1 Respiratory Protection………………………………………………………….. 36
2:7:1:1 Respiratory Protection Responsibilities…………………………… 36
2:7:1:2 Selection of Respiratory Protection…………………………………. 37
2:7:1:3 Types of Respirators………………………………………………………………. 38
2:7:2 Lockout & Ta gout…………………………………………………………………. 41
2:7:3 Basic Rules for Using Lockout or Tag out Procedure…. 44
2:7:4 Training for lockout &Tag out……………………………………………. 49
2:8 Permitted Confined Space Entry Program…………………… 49
2:9 Confined Space Duties & Responsibilities………………….. 51
IV
2:10 Training for confined space entry……………………………………. 55
CHAPTER THREE : METHODS AND TOOLS
3:1 The study area………………………………………………………………………… 59
3:2 The Case Studies…………………………………………………………………….. 61
3:2:1 Steel Factory & Rolling the Plant……………………………………. 61
3:2:2 Painting Workshop (B2)……………………………………………………… 62
3:3 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………… 65
3:4 Methods and Tools………………………………………………………………… 65
3:4:1 List of 65
gases……………………………………………………………………………….
3:4:2 Portable Gas Monitor…………………………………………………………… 66
3:4:3 The Procedure ………………………………………………………. 69
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4:1 Results 71
4:2 Discussion…………………………………………….. 75
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
Appendix………………………………………………………………………………. 83
Reference…………………………………………………………………………….. 89
V
List of Tables
Table (2:1) Carbon Monoxide Exposure Effects………………. 24
Table (2:2) Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure Effects……………….. 25
Table (4:1) Results for Farinas Tank…………………………. 71
Table (4:2) Results Farinas Tank Larges Than the first Tank… 72
Table (4:3) Steel Plant Manhole……………………………….. 72
Table (4:4) Result for painting plant……………………………. 73
Table (4:5) Result for painting………………………………….. 74
VI
List of Figures
Figure (2:1)Examples of Common Types of Confined spaces….. 6
Figure (2:2) The levels of oxygen………………………………. 18
Figure (2:3)Decision Tree for confined space entry…………….. 20
Figure(2:4)Upper and lower explosive limits…………………. 21
Figure(2.5) Commonly Used Respirators…………………….. 39
Figure(3:1)Show All GIAD Factories (Google earth,2007)…….. 60
Figure(3:2)Example of confined in GIAD Furnace tank……….. 62
Figure(3:3)Example of confined in GIAD Manhole………….. 62
Figure(3:4)example of confined in GIAD Paints Tanks……… 64
Figure(3:5) example of confined in GIAD Paints Manhole…… 64
Figure (3:6) Portable Gas Monitor…………………………. 68
VII
Abbreviation
OSHA Occupational Safety Health Administration
NIOSH National Institution Of Safety& Health
TWA Time weighted averages
STEL Short- term exposure limits
PEAL Peak exposure limits
PEL s Permissible exposure limits
PRCS Permit required confined space
PPM Part per million
LFL Lower flammable limit
LEL Lower explosive limit
UFL Upper flammable limit
UEL Upper explosive limit
IDLH Immediately dangerous to life or Health
PPE Personal productive equipment
PAPR Providing a powered air-purifying respirator
MSDS Material safety data sheet
Etc Extra
PAPRS Power air purifying respirators
SCBA Self-contained breathing apparatus
LOTO Lock out & tag out
SOP Standard operating procedure
NORM National occurring radioactive material
LSA Low specific activity
VIII
Description:was used for measuring atmospheric concentrations of those gases of potential existence in the .. Preparation of the space selection or maintenance of equipment or work activity can produce a fatal out hammers, rotary grinders or other hand tools which cause vibration. 2:5:10 Radiation hazards.
