Classical Arabic Verse: History and Theory of 'arūḍ: History and Theory of Arud

391 Pages·2000·27.64 MB·English

by  Dimitry Frolov

CLASSICALARABIC VERSE
STUDIES IN ARABIC
LITERATURE
SUPPLEMENTS TO THE
JOURNAL OF ARABIC LITERATURE
VOLUME XXI
CLASSICAL ARABIC VERSE
History and Theory of 'Arud
BY
DMITRY FROLOV
BRILL
LEIDEN.BOSTON·KOLN
2000
Thisbookhasbeenpublished withfinancialsupport from the Instituteof Asian andAfri
can Studies(IAAS),MoscowUniversity.
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DieDeutscheBibliothek- CIP-Einheitsaufnamne
Frolov, DInitrij:
ClassicalArabic verse:historyandtheoryof 'Arud / byDmitry
Frolov.- Leiden ;Boston;Koln:Brill, 1999
(StudiesinArabic literature;Vol.21)
ISBN90-04-10932-3
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ISSN 0169-9903
ISBN 9004 109323
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CONTENTS
Preface to the English Edition xi
Preface to the Russian Edition Xlll
Introduction. Studies of 'Arud in Europe: A Conflict of
Ideas .
PART ONE
PRELIMINARIES TO THE STUDY OF ARABIC METRICS
Chapter One. Arabic Verse in Semitic Context . 25
1. Introduction 25
2. Archaic Verse and Parallelism 27
3. Parallelism in Semitic Verse 32
3.1. Akkadian Verse 33
3.2. Biblical Verse 36
3.3. Ugaritic Verse 41
4. Metrical Stage of Semitic Versification 43
5. The Case of Arabic Verse: A Metrical Anomaly .......... 46
6. The Theory ofJ. Kurylowicz 48
7. Conclusion 55
Chapter Two. Arabic Language as the Basis of Arabic
Versification 56
1. Introduction 56
2. The Absence of Stress in Classical Arabic 57
3. Prosodic Irrelevance of Word Junctures 61
3.1. The Phenomenon of Hamrat al-toasl 62
3.2. The Phenomenon of Pausal and Contextual
Forms 65
3.3. Variability of Arabic Word Forms 67
4. Prosodic Ideas of G. Gabutchan and A. Sanchez 68
4.1. The Notion of /:lay .................................................... 68
4.2. The Problem of Long Vowels 71
4.3. Equivalence of Haifand Mora 73
4.4. Pause and Prosodic Segmentation 78
5. Arabic Prosody and the Notion of Syllable 82
6. The Prosodic Pattern of Classical Arabic 84
Vlll CONTENfS
6.1. Elementary Prosodic Units (EPU) 84
6.2. An Example of the Qur'anic Text 87
6.3. Higher Levels of Prosodic Structure 89
6.4. Prosody and Metrics 90
7. Conclusion 92
PART TWO
THE GENESIS AND EARLY HISTORY
OF ARABIC VERSE
Chapter Three. Archaic Verse: Sq/............................................ 97
1. Introduction 97
2. Pre-History of Arabic Verse 99
3. Historical Development of Sal 105
4. Structure of Saj' 110
4.1. Semantics of the Term Sqj' III
4.2. The Notion of Sqj'at the Time of Muhammad 113
4.3. Medieval Philology on the Structure of Sqj' 115
4.4. Medieval Philology on the Evolution of Sal
Rhyme 118
5. Syntactic Patterns of Parallelism in Sqj' 119
5.1. "Built-In" and "Autonomous" Sq/ 123
5.2. Rhyme in Sqj' 125
6. Evolution of Archaic Say"' 126
7. The Metrical Pattern of Soj' 128
8. Transitional Phenomena in Say"' Structure 131
9. Conclusion 134
Chapter Four. The Place of Roja; in the History of Arabic
Verse 135
1. Introduction 135
2. The Historical Development of Rqia;;, 136
3. Sources of Archaic Raja; 139
4. The Poetic Functions of Archaic Raja; 142
5. The Ancient Notion of Roja; 151
5.1. Etymology and Semantics of the Term Rajas; 151
5.2. The Relation of Rqia;;, to Shier 153
6. Raja;;, and Saj' 157
7. The Genesis of 'AriidMetres Related to Raja; 169
7.1. Raia; and Sari': The Metrical Identity of Extra
Short Forms 170
CONTENTS IX
7.2. The Genesis of the Basii and Kiimil Branches of
the Raja; Family . 174
7.3. The San' Branch and "Rejected" Metres . 181
8. Conclusion . 186
Chapter Five. The Genesis of 'Aru¢ Metres: The Cases of
!fazaj and Ramal . 189
I. Introduction . 189
2. The System of the Three Basic Rhythms . 189
3. The Genesis of the !fazqj Metrical Family . 194
3.1. Rhythmic Affinity Between Tawil and Mutaqiirib . 195
3.2. The Genesis of the Taioil-Mutaqarib Branch . 198
3.3. The Genesis of the Wiifir-Hazaj Branch .. 201
3.4. The Reconstruction of the Proto-!fa;:.qjPattern 206
4. The Genesis of the Ramal Metrical Family .. 208
5. Conclusion . 214
Chapter Six. The Metrical Repertory of Classical Arabic
Poetry . 217
I. Introduction . 217
2. Metrics of Major Medieval Anthologies .. 219
3. Principles of Classification of Pre-Islamic Poets . 224
4. Nomadic Poets of Western Arabia .. 226
5. Nomadic Poets of Central Arabia .. 227
6. Nomadic Poets of Eastern Arabia . 229
7. The Hiran Poetic School and Sedentary Poets .. 230
8. The Medieval Image of the Pre-Islamic Metrical
Repertory . 238
9. The Metrical Repertory of Umayyad Poetry .. 239
10. The Metrical Repertory of 'Abbasid Poetry .. 240
II . Metrical Types of Classical Arabic Poetry .. 244
12. The Metrical Repertory of Andalusian Poetry .. 244
13. Conclusion . 258
Tables for Chapter Six 259
PART THREE
THE SCIENCE OF 'ARUI)
Chapter Seven. The Theory of 'Aru¢ and Its Author 293
I. Introduction 293
2. Life and Personality of al-Khalrl 294
x CONTENTS
3. Remarks about the Method of aI-KhalIl ........................ 299
4. Foundations of al-Khalil's Deductive System 302
5. The Origins and Structure of Metrical Teaching 309
6. The Deductive Part of the Theory of 'Aru¢ , 313
6.1. The Rhythmic Law of Arabic Verse .. 314
6.2. The Core of the Teaching: Circles 1-3 318
6.3. The Periphery of the Teaching: Circle 5 322
6.4. The Periphery of the Teaching: Circle 4 324
7. The Interpretative Part of the Theory of 'Aru¢ 333
8. Poetic Shawiihid as Part of the Theory 337
9. Conclusion 342
Abbreviations 343
Bibliography.. 345
Index of Proper Names 364
Index of Technical Terms 371