Classic Shell Scripting

560 Pages·2011·7.67 MB·English

Classic Shell Scripting
>
m
o
c
k.
o
o
b
e
w
o
w
w.
w
w
<
k
o
o
B
e
w!
o
W
m
o
d fr
a
o
nl
w
o
D
Arnold Robbins and Nelson H. F. Beebe
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo
Classic Shell Scripting
by Arnold Robbins and Nelson H. F. Beebe
Copyright © 2005 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions
arealsoavailableformosttitles(safari.oreilly.com).Formoreinformation,contactourcorporate/insti-
tutional sales department: [phone] [e-mail].
Editors: Tatiana Apandi
Allison Randal
Production Editor: Adam Witwer
Cover Designer: Emma Colby
Interior Designer: David Futato
Printing History:
May 2005: First Edition.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of
O’ReillyMedia,Inc.ClassicShellScripting,theimageofaAfricantenttortoise,andrelatedtradedress
are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheirproductsareclaimedas
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors
assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the
information contained herein.
ISBN: 978-0-596-00595-5
[LSI] [2011-03-11]
Table of Contents
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Unix History 1
1.2 Software Tools Principles 4
1.3 Summary 6
2. Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Scripting Languages Versus Compiled Languages 8
2.2 Why Use a Shell Script? 9
2.3 A Simple Script 9
2.4 Self-Contained Scripts: The #! First Line 10
2.5 Basic Shell Constructs 12
2.6 Accessing Shell Script Arguments 23
2.7 Simple Execution Tracing 24
2.8 Internationalization and Localization 25
2.9 Summary 28
3. Searching and Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1 Searching for Text 30
3.2 Regular Expressions 31
3.3 Working with Fields 56
3.4 Summary 65
iii
4. Text Processing Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1 Sorting Text 67
4.2 Removing Duplicates 75
4.3 Reformatting Paragraphs 76
4.4 Counting Lines, Words, and Characters 77
4.5 Printing 78
4.6 Extracting the First and Last Lines 83
4.7 Summary 86
5. Pipelines Can Do Amazing Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.1 Extracting Data from Structured Text Files 87
5.2 Structured Data for the Web 94
5.3 Cheating at Word Puzzles 100
5.4 Word Lists 102
5.5 Tag Lists 105
5.6 Summary 107
6. Variables, Making Decisions, and Repeating Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.1 Variables and Arithmetic 109
6.2 Exit Statuses 120
6.3 The case Statement 129
6.4 Looping 130
6.5 Functions 135
6.6 Summary 138
7. Input and Output, Files, and Command Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.1 Standard Input, Output, and Error 140
7.2 Reading Lines with read 140
7.3 More About Redirections 143
7.4 The Full Story on printf 147
7.5 Tilde Expansion and Wildcards 152
7.6 Command Substitution 155
7.7 Quoting 161
7.8 Evaluation Order and eval 162
7.9 Built-in Commands 168
7.10 Summary 175
iv | Table of Contents
8. Production Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
8.1 Path Searching 177
8.2 Automating Software Builds 192
8.3 Summary 222
9. Enough awk to Be Dangerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
9.1 The awk Command Line 224
9.2 The awk Programming Model 225
9.3 Program Elements 226
9.4 Records and Fields 236
9.5 Patterns and Actions 238
9.6 One-Line Programs in awk 240
9.7 Statements 244
9.8 User-Defined Functions 252
9.9 String Functions 255
9.10 Numeric Functions 264
9.11 Summary 266
10. Working with Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
10.1 Listing Files 267
10.2 Updating Modification Times with touch 273
10.3 Creating and Using Temporary Files 274
10.4 Finding Files 279
10.5 Running Commands: xargs 293
10.6 Filesystem Space Information 295
10.7 Comparing Files 299
10.8 Summary 307
11. Extended Example: Merging User Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
11.1 The Problem 308
11.2 The Password Files 309
11.3 Merging Password Files 310
11.4 Changing File Ownership 317
11.5 Other Real-World Issues 321
11.6 Summary 323
Table of Contents | v
12. Spellchecking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
12.1 The spell Program 325
12.2 The Original Unix Spellchecking Prototype 326
12.3 Improving ispell and aspell 327
12.4 A Spellchecker in awk 331
12.5 Summary 350
13. Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
13.1 Process Creation 353
13.2 Process Listing 354
13.3 Process Control and Deletion 360
13.4 Process System-Call Tracing 368
13.5 Process Accounting 372
13.6 Delayed Scheduling of Processes 373
13.7 The /proc Filesystem 378
13.8 Summary 379
14. Shell Portability Issues and Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
14.1 Gotchas 381
14.2 The bash shopt Command 385
14.3 Common Extensions 389
14.4 Download Information 402
14.5 Other Extended Bourne-Style Shells 405
14.6 Shell Versions 405
14.7 Shell Initialization and Termination 406
14.8 Summary 412
15. Secure Shell Scripts: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
15.1 Tips for Secure Shell Scripts 413
15.2 Restricted Shell 416
15.3 Trojan Horses 418
15.4 Setuid Shell Scripts: A Bad Idea 419
15.5 ksh93 and Privileged Mode 421
15.6 Summary 422
vi | Table of Contents
A. Writing Manual Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
B. Files and Filesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
C. Important Unix Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Table of Contents | vii