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CLASS IN ARCHAIC GREECE
ArchaicGreecesawanumberofdecisivechanges,includingtheemer-
genceofthepolis,thefoundationofGreeksettlementsthroughoutthe
MediterraneanandBlackSea,theorganizationofpan-Hellenicgames
and festivals, the rise of tyranny, the invention of literacy, the com-
positionoftheHomericepicsandtheemergenceoflyricpoetry,the
development of monumental architecture and large-scale sculpture,
andtheestablishmentof“democracy.”Thisbookarguesthatthebest
wayofunderstandingthemistheapplicationofaneclecticMarxist
modelofclassstruggle,astrugglenotonlyovercontrolofagricultural
land but also over cultural ideals and ideology. A substantial theo-
retical introduction lays out the underlying assumptions in relation
toalternativemodels.Materialandtextualremainsoftheperiodare
examined in depth for clues to their ideological import, while later
sourcesandawiderangeofmodernscholarshipareevaluatedfortheir
explanatorypower.
peter w. rose is Professor of Classics at Miami University of
Ohio.HereceivedhisPh.D.fromHarvardandtaughtatYaleforeight
years. His publications include Sons of the Gods, Children of Earth:
Ideology and Literary Form in Ancient Greece (1992), and articles on
Pindar,Sophocles,Homer,Marxandthestudyofwomeninantiquity,
Thucydides,Cicero,filmandpedagogy,Marxismandideology.
CLASS IN ARCHAIC GREECE
PETER W. ROSE
cambridge university press
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ClassinarchaicGreece/PeterW.Rose.
p. cm.
isbn978-0-521-76876-4(hardback)
1.Greece–Economicconditions–To146b.c. 2.Greece–Socialconditions–To146b.c.
3.Socialclasses–Greece–History. 4.Socialconflict–Greece–History. I.Title.
hc37.r67 2012
938–dc23 2012002654
isbn978-0-521-76876-4Hardback
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ToIrina,Liubasha,andDaniel
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explained.”
ArnaldoMomigliano
Contents
Preface pageviii
Listofabbreviations xiii
Introduction:theoreticalconsiderations 1
1 ClassintheDarkAgeandtheriseofthepolis 56
2 Homer’sIliad:alienationfromachangingworld 93
3 Trade,colonization,andtheOdyssey 134
4 Hesiod:cosmogony,basilˆees,farmers,andjustice 166
5 TyrannyandtheSolonianCrisis 201
6 Spartaandtheconsolidationoftheoligarchicideal 267
7 Athensandtheemergenceofdemocracy 317
References 364
Index 411
vii
Preface
The origin of this book is on one level very simple: Kurt Raaflaub asked
me to write a short piece on this topic, then when my first draft was
fourtimestoolong,encouragedmetoconsiderwritingamonograph.His
fellow-editor,HansvanWees,thoughIneverhadthepleasureofmeeting
him face-to-face, also gave much helpful advice – not least with his own
excellentoffprints.IamindebtedaswelltoDavidRoselli,JamesMcGlew,
Virginia Hunter, Page duBois, Mark Golden, Arch Christopherson, Rick
Wolff,TracyRihle,SteveTuck,andDavidTandyforhelpfulcommentson
earlierdraftsorpartsthereof.SinceIcouldnotbringmyselftoincorporate
all of their suggestions, I hereby absolve them of all remaining errors.
Special thanks are due to Steve Nimis, who alone among my circuit of
friends and colleagues has read the whole text and offered other sorts of
valuedsupport.ThanksaswelltoDanielTompkinsforhisinsightsonthe
worksofMosesFinley.
I have a unique debt to Walter Donlan, whose advice and encourage-
mentatanearlystageplayedakeyroleinmydecisiontoattemptthisquite
daunting task. Based especially on a grueling three-hour phone conversa-
tion about a draft of my chapter on the Dark Age, I know that the tragic
deathofthisverydearmansoonafterIhadsketchedafullerversionofthat
chapterdeprivedmeofwhatI’msurewouldhavebeenamuch-neededand
trenchantcritique.Atadinnerin2002withcolleaguesafterajointsession
ofCAMWSonrecentdevelopmentsinHomericscholarship,Waltercom-
plainedinhisplayfullychurlishway,“I’velearnedalotfromyouguys,but
you’ve obviously learned nothing from me.” This was of course blatantly
untrue.Theproblem,whichmayberelevantinmytextaswell,isthatwe
haveallinternalizedandtakenforgrantedsomuchofhiscompellingwork
thatwetendtofocusontherelativelyfewareaswherewedisagree.
Thoughmytrainingandteachinghavebeenprimarilyinancientlitera-
ture,myinterestinthehistoryoftheArchaicPerioddatesbacktothelate
1950swhenIauditedalecturecourseontheperiodbyH.T.Wade-Gery,
viii
