Clarkes Analytical Forensic Toxicology Jickells

673 Pages·2009·9.54 MB·English

Clarke’s Analytical
Forensic Toxicology

Clarke’s Analytical
Forensic Toxicology
Edited by
Sue Jickells Adam Negrusz
Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor of Forensic Sciences,
Department of Forensic Science Assistant Director of Forensic Sciences,
& Drug Monitoring, and the Director of Animal Forensic
King’s College London, Toxicology Laboratory,
London, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences,
UK College of Pharmacy,
University of Illinois at Chicago,
USA
This book is adapted from contributions published in Volume 1 of Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons3rdedition.
Consulting Editors:
Anthony C Moffat M David Osselton Brian Widdop
Head of the Centre Director, Consultant Toxicologist,
for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Centre for Forensic Sciences, Medical Toxicology Unit,
The School of Pharmacy, Bournemouth University, Guy’s Hospital,
University of London, UK London,
UK UK
London •Chicago
Published by the Pharmaceutical Press
An imprint of RPS Publishing
1 Lambeth High Street, London SE1 7JN, UK
100 South Atkinson Road, Suite 200, Grayslake, IL 60030-7820, USA
© Pharmaceutical Press 2008
is a trade mark of RPS Publishing
RPS Publishing is the publishing organisation of the Royal
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
First published 2008
Typeset by J&L Composition Ltd, Filey, North Yorkshire
Printed in Great Britain by Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
ISBN 978 0 85369 705 3
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro-
duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
copyright holder.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied,
with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this
book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for
any errors or omissions that may be made.
The right of Sue Jickells and Adam Negrusz to be identified as
the editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library.
Contents
Preface xii
Contributors xiv
About the editors xvi
Abbreviations xviii
1 Introduction to forensic toxicology 1
AC Moffat, M D Osselton, B Widdop, S Jickells and ANegrusz
Introduction 1
Principles of forensic toxicology 2
Range of cases submitted 4
Case investigation 5
Classification of poisons 7
Samples 8
Sample analysis 8
Conclusions 10
References 10
Further reading 11
2 Pharmacokinetics and metabolism 13
O H Drummer
Introduction 13
Basic concepts of pharmacokinetics 13
Drug metabolism 22
Adverse drug interactions and pharmacogenetics 29
Drug concentration and pharmacological response 34
Postmortem redistribution 36
Interpretation 36
Further reading 41
3 Drugs of abuse 43
LAKing, S D McDermott, S Jickells and ANegrusz
Introduction 43
Commonly abused drugs 44
Analysis of seized drugs 58
vi Contents
Clandestine laboratories 68
Analysis of the main drugs of abuse 68
Conclusion 77
References 77
4 Other substances encountered in clinical and forensic toxicology 79
R J Flanagan, M Kala, R Braithwaite and F Ade Wolff
General introduction 79
Volatile substances 80
Pesticides 90
Metals and anions 101
Natural toxins 116
Summary 129
References 129
5 Workplace drug testing 135
M Peat
Introduction 135
Evolution of workplace testing in the USA 136
Regulatory process in the USA 136
Proposed changes to the HHS Guidelines 141
Adulterated and substituted specimens 143
Collection of specimens 145
Role of the medical review officer 146
References 150
6 Alternative specimens 153
PKintz, V Spiehler and ANegrusz
Introduction 153
Hair analysis 153
Drugs in oral fluid 165
Detection of drugs in sweat 181
References 183
Further reading 189
7 Postmortem toxicology 191
G R Jones
Introduction 191
Specimens and other exhibits 191
Analytical toxicology 198
Interpretation of postmortem toxicology results 207
Summary 216
References 216
Further reading 217
Contents vii
8 Clinical toxicology, therapeutic drug monitoring, in uteroexposure
to drugs of abuse 219
D R AUges, M Hallworth, C Moore and ANegrusz
Introduction 219
Clinical toxicology 219
Therapeutic drug monitoring 237
In uteroexposure to drugs of abuse 256
References 260
Further reading 260
9 Drug abuse in sport 263
D ACowan, E Houghton and S Jickells
Introduction 263
Rules 264
Reported analytical findings 267
Sampling 271
Analytical approach 273
Confirmatory methods 277
References 281
10 Drug-facilitated sexual assault 287
ANegrusz and R E Gaensslen
Introduction and basic terms 287
The extent of the problem 288
History and legislation 289
Drugs used to facilitate sexual assault 290
Specimens and analytical methods 296
Summary 297
References 297
Further reading 298
11 Alcohol, drugs and driving 299
B K Logan, R G Gullberg, ANegrusz and S Jickells
Introduction 299
Alcohol and driving 308
Drugs and driving 317
References 321
12 Forensic chemistry and solid dosage form identification 323
J Ramsey
Introduction 323
Dosage forms 324
Examination of unknown products 331
References 333
viii Contents
13 Colour tests and thin-layer chromatography 335
W Jeffery and C F Poole
Introduction 335
Colour tests 335
Thin layer chromatography 343
References 372
Further reading 372
14 Immunoassays 375
C Hand and D Baldwin
Introduction 375
Basic principles of immunoassay 377
Heterogeneous immunoassays 382
Homogeneous immunoassays 386
Automation of immunoassay 388
Analysis of alternative samples to urine 388
Quality control, calibration, standardisation and curve fitting 389
References 391
15 Ultraviolet, visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry 393
J Cordonnier and J Schaep
Introduction and theoretical background 393
UV and visible spectrophotometry 394
Instrumentation 399
Instrument performance checks 401
Sample preparation and presentation 402
Data processing and presentation of results 404
Interpretation of spectra and qualitative analysis 407
Quantitative analysis 410
Fluorescence spectrophotometry 411
Instrumentation 414
Instrument performance checks 415
Sample preparation and presentation 416
Data processing and presentation of results 416
Interpretation of spectra and qualitative analysis 417
Quantitative analysis 418
References 419
Collections of data 419
Further reading 420
16 Infrared spectroscopy 421
ADrake
(with ‘Near infrared’ by R D Jee)
Introduction 421
Instrumentation 425
Contents ix
Data processing 428
Instrument calibration 429
Sample preparation 431
Sample presentation 432
Interpretation of spectra 441
Qualitative analysis 442
Quantitative analysis 447
Collections of data 447
Near infrared 448
References 453
Further reading 454
17 Raman spectroscopy 455
D E Bugay and PAMartoglio Smith
Introduction and theory 455
Instrumentation 457
Coupled techniques 459
Data processing and presentation of results 459
System suitability tests 460
Sample preparation and sample presentation 461
Interpretation of spectra 462
Qualitative analysis 464
Quantitative analysis 466
Collections of data 467
References 468
Further reading 468
18 Gas chromatography 469
S Dawling, S Jickells and ANegrusz
Introduction 469
Gas chromatography columns 470
Inlet systems 483
Detector systems 493
Specimen preparation 498
Quantitative determinations 505
Optimising operation conditions to customise applications 506
Specific applications 508
References 510
Further reading 511
19 High-performance liquid chromatography 513
TKupiec, M Slawson, F Pragst and M Herzler
Introduction 513
Practical aspects of HPLC theory 514
Hardware 515