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Clarke’s Analytical Forensic Toxicology
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Clarke’s Analytical Forensic
Toxicology
SECONDEDITION
Edited by
AdamNegrusz
AssociateProfessorofForensicSciences,AssistantDirectorofForensicSciencesandtheDirectorofAnimal
ForensicToxicologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiopharmaceuticalSciences,CollegeofPharmacy,
UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,USA
GailAACooper
SeniorLecturer,LeadConsultantForensicToxicologistandQualityManageratForensicMedicineand
Science,UniversityofGlasgow,UK
This book is adapted from contributions published in Volume 1 of Clarke’s Analysis of
Drugs and Poisons 4th edition.
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PublishedbythePharmaceuticalPress
1LambethHighStreet,LondonSE17JN,UK
©PharmaceuticalPress2013
isatrademarkofPharmaceuticalPress
PharmaceuticalPressisthepublishingdivisionoftheRoyalPharmaceuticalSociety
Firsteditionpublished2008
Secondedition2013
TypesetbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedinGreatBritainbyTJInternational,Padstow,Cornwall
ISBN9780857110541
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform
orbyanymeans,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightholder.
Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthis
bookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.
TherightofGailCooperandAdamNegrusztobeidentifiedastheeditorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedbythemin
accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct,1988.
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
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Contents
Preface xi
Abouttheeditors xiii
Contributors xv
Abbreviations xvii
1 Introductiontoforensictoxicology 1
ACMoffat,MDOsselton,BWiddop,SJickells,ANegrusz
Introduction 1
Principlesofforensictoxicology 2
Rangeofcasessubmitted 4
Caseinvestigation 5
Classificationofpoisons 7
Samples 7
Sampleanalysis 8
Conclusions 9
Reference 10
Furtherreading 10
2 Pharmacokineticsandmetabolism 11
OHDrummer,SHYWong
Introduction 11
Basicconceptsofpharmacokinetics 11
Drugmetabolism 20
Adversedruginteractionsandpharmacogenetics 26
Drugconcentrationandpharmacologicalresponse 31
Postmortemredistribution 32
Interpretation 33
References 37
Furtherreading 38
3 Drugsofabuse 39
LAKing,SDMcDermott,SJickells,ANegrusz
Introduction 39
Commonlyabuseddrugs 40
Analysisofseizeddrugs 55
Clandestinelaboratories 65
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Analysisofthemaindrugsofabuse 66
Conclusion 72
References 73
4 Othersubstancesencounteredinclinicalandforensictoxicology 75
RJFlanagan,MKala,RBraithwaite,FAdeWolff,JFdeWolff
Generalintroduction 75
Volatilesubstances 76
Pesticides 86
Metalsandanions 96
Naturaltoxins 111
Summary 123
References 123
5 Workplacedrugtesting 131
AVerstraete,MPeat
Introduction 131
EvolutionofworkplacetestingintheUSA 132
Prevalenceofdruguseintheworkforceandintheworkplace 133
RegulatoryprocessintheUSA 133
LegislationinEurope 134
Workplacepoliciesondrugsandalcohol 135
ProposedchangestotheDHHSGuidelines 141
Adulteratedandsubstitutedspecimens 143
Collectionofspecimens 145
Roleofthemedicalreviewofficer 146
Conclusion 149
References 150
Furtherreading 151
6 Alternativespecimens 153
PKintz,VSpiehler,ANegrusz,GAACooper
Introduction 153
Hairanalysis 153
Drugsinoralfluid 165
Detectionofdrugsinsweat 179
References 181
Furtherreading 187
7 Postmortemtoxicology 189
GRJones
Introduction 189
Specimensandotherexhibits 189
Analyticaltoxicology 196
Interpretationofpostmortemtoxicologyresults 204
Summary 212
References 212
Furtherreading 213
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8 Clinicaltoxicology,therapeuticdrugmonitoring,inuteroexposure
todrugsofabuse 215
DRAUges,MHallworth,CMoore,ANegrusz
Introduction 215
Clinicaltoxicology 215
Therapeuticdrugmonitoring 253
Inuteroexposuretodrugsofabuse 261
References 265
Furtherreading 266
9 Drugabuseinsport 267
DACowan,EHoughton,SJickells
Introduction 267
Rules 268
Reportedanalyticalfindings 271
Sampling 274
Analyticalapproach 276
Confirmatorymethods 280
References 284
10 Drug-facilitatedsexualassault 289
ANegrusz,REGaensslen
Introductionandbasicterms 289
Theextentoftheproblem 290
Historyandlegislation 292
Drugsusedtofacilitatesexualassault 292
Specimensandanalyticalmethods 300
Summary 300
References 301
Furtherreading 301
11 Alcohol,drugsanddriving 303
BKLogan,RGGullberg,ANegrusz,SJickells
Introduction 303
Alcoholanddriving 313
Drugsanddriving 322
References 324
12 Forensicchemistryandsoliddosageformidentification 325
JRamsey
Introduction 325
Dosageforms 326
Examinationofunknownproducts 333
References 334
13 Sampling,storageandstability 335
SKerrigan
Introduction 335
Specimenselectionconsiderations 335
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Samplehandling 345
Contamination 346
Stability 350
References 354
14 Extraction 357
TStimpfl
Introduction 357
Thefundamentalprinciplesofextraction 358
Practicalaspectsofextraction 362
Conclusions 369
References 370
Furtherreading 370
15 Colourtestsandthin-layerchromatography 371
WJeffery,CFPoole
Introduction 371
Colourtests 371
Thin-layerchromatography 378
References 406
Furtherreading 407
16 Immunoassays 409
CHand,DBaldwin
Introduction 409
Basicprinciplesofimmunoassay 411
Heterogeneousimmunoassays 416
Homogeneousimmunoassays 420
Automationofimmunoassay 421
Analysisofalternativesamplestourine 422
Qualitycontrol,calibration,standardisationandcurvefitting 423
References 424
17 Ultraviolet,visibleandfluorescencespectrophotometry 425
JCordonnier,JSchaep
Introductionandtheoreticalbackground 425
UVandVisibleSpectrophotometry 426
Instrumentation 430
Instrumentperformancechecks 433
Samplepreparationandpresentation 434
Dataprocessingandpresentationofresults 436
Interpretationofspectraandqualitativeanalysis 439
Quantitativeanalysis 441
FluorescenceSpectrophotometry 443
Instrumentation 445
Instrumentperformancechecks 446
Samplepreparationandpresentation 447
Dataprocessingandpresentationofresults 447
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Interpretationofspectraandqualitativeanalysis 448
Quantitativeanalysis 449
References 450
Collectionsofdata 450
Furtherreading 451
18 Infraredspectroscopy 453
ADrake,RDJee
Introduction 453
Instrumentation 456
Dataprocessing 460
Instrumentcalibration 460
Samplepreparation 463
Samplepresentation 463
Interpretationofspectra 472
Qualitativeanalysis 473
Quantitativeanalysis 478
Collectionsofdata 478
Nearinfrared 478
References 483
Furtherreading 484
19 Gaschromatography 485
SDawling,SJickells,ANegrusz
Introduction 485
Gaschromatographycolumns 486
Inletsystems 500
Detectorsystems 509
Specimenpreparation 515
Quantitativedeterminations 521
Optimisingoperationconditionstocustomiseapplications 522
Specificapplications 524
References 526
Furtherreading 527
20 High-performanceliquidchromatography 529
TKupiec,MSlawson,FPragst,MHerzler
Introduction 529
PracticalaspectsofHPLCtheory 530
Hardware 531
Columns 537
Maintenance 540
Separationtechniques 541
Quantitativeanalysis 543
Validation 544
Newemergingtrends 545
Systemsfordruganalysis 545
Description:This second edition of Clarkes Analytical Forensic Toxicology offers a fresh perspective on the drugs and poisons that you are most likely to encounter in forensic toxicology, with a focus on collection, extraction and analysis. With additional features incorporated from the fourth edition of Clarke
