Clarification of the cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) previously confused with Apogon moluccensis Valenciennes, with a description of a related new species

10 Pages·2002·1.7 MB·English

by  Fraser, T H

THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002 50(1): 175-184
@ National University of Singapore
CLARIFICATION OF THE CARDINALFISHES (APOGONIDAE) PREVIOUSLY
CONFUSED WITH APOGON MOLUCCENSIS VALENCIENNES, WITH A
DESCRIPTION OF A RELATED NEW SPECIES
Thomas H. Fraser
Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken ThompsonP arkway
Sarasota,F lorida 34236
JohnE . Randall
BishopM useum,1 525 Bernice St,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96817
Gerald R. Allen
Department of Aquatic VertebratesW, esternA ustralian Museum,
FrancesS t" Perth, WesternA ustralia 6000
ABSTRAC1: -Apogon moluccensisV alenciennes,1 832,i s redescribeda nd its range noted as
Indonesia,P apua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Solomon Islands,G eographicv ariation of
gill rakers and rudiments on the first gill arch is noted among three populations, Apogon
chrysosomaB leeker, 1852,A , monochrousB leeker, 1856,a nd A. ventrifasciatusA llen, Kuiter
& Randall, 1994, are regarded as junior synonyms. Lectotypes of A. chrysosomaa nd A.
monochrousa re designateda nd described.A pogon monospilus,p reviously misidentified as A.
moluccensisi,s describeda s a new species.I t is distinguishedf rom A. moluccensisb y having
25-28 gill rakersp lus rudiments and darkly pigmentedr oof of mouthi ncluding some of the gill
archesv ersus 21-25 gill rakers with pale roof of mouth and gill arches.T he new speciesw as
frequently collected in depths greatert han 20 meters. New recordsf rom India and the Maldives
are reported for Apogon oxina, a related species.
KEY WORDS. -Perciformes, Cardinalfish, Apogonidae,n ew species,A pogon.
INTRODUCTION Apogon monochrousf rom 11 specimens7, 2 to 87 mm
TL from Manado,S ulawesi( Celebes).B leeker (1874,
Apogon molucc:ensis was briefly described by 1876) considered his two species as synonyms of
Valenciennes (1832) from a single specimen from Apogon moluccensisa nd apparentlyh ad combinedt he
Ambon and deposited at the Museum National type materialo f his speciesa long with othern on-type
d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, He gave the color as specimensT. he statuso f Bleeker's type material was
uniformly reddish without any spots or bars; however briefly discussedb y Weber& de Beaufort( 1929: 324)
he failed to report the presenceo f a small whitish spot and Gon (1987) agreed with their observations.
at the rear baseo f the secondd orsal fin which is still Fowler & Bean (1930), however, placed A.
evident on the holotype (Gon, 1987, and moluccensisin the synonymyo f Amia fusca (Quoy &
examinationsb y authors). Gaimard) and recognizedA pogon monochrousa s a
valid speciesA, irlia monochroa.
Bleeker (1852) described Apogon chrysosoma
(original spelling, chrijsosoma)f rom three specimens, Allen et al., (1994)d escribedA pogon ventrifasciatus,
52 to 55 mm total length (TL), from Seram( Ceram)i n a speciesw ith a distinct white spot posteriorly at the
the Molucca Islands and later (1856) described base of the second dorsal fin, from 19 specimens
Received 15 Ian 2001 Accepted2 1 Nov 2001
175
Fraser et al.: Clarification of Apogon moluccensis and a new species
collected at Madang, Papua New Guinea (type Material examined -Apogon moluccensis -Holotype -
locality), Lombok, Flores, and Ambon. It was MNHN 8707, 60.3 mm SL, 76 mm TL, Amboina,
distinguished from specimens they believed to be A. coIl. Quoy & Gaimard.
moluccensis by having white stripes on the head, ...
Others -PhilIppInes: CAS 29392; 3 ex.(46-57); Agusan Prov.,
famt browmsh bars on the lower side, ~d 15~17 gill Mindanao I., Nasipit, FBS 14-IV-73B, 14 Apr.1973; CAS
rakers on the lower arch versus no white stnpes on 84074;1 ex.(50)A, gusanP rov.,M indanaoI ., Nasipit,F BS 15-
the head, no bars on the lower side, and 20-21gill IV-73, 15A pr.1 973;C AS 1274641 ex.(23),N egrosO riental,
rakers for the alleged moluccensis. Hayashi & Yano Negros I., Dumaguete,A WH 9-VI-31, coIl. A.W. Herre, 9
(1996) reporting on a new record from the Ryukyu Jun.1931; CAS 127387, 2 ex.(63-64), Negros Oriental,
Islands followed Allen et al., (1994). As a result of Dumaguete,AWH9-VI-31c, oll.A.W. Herre,9 Jun. 1931;SU
Gon's (1987) report of 18 gill rakers on the lower 27465,I ex.(42),Q uezonP rov.,A labat I., AWH 20-VIII-3IB,
arch and Fraser's (1999) description of Apogon coIl. A.W. Herre, 20 Aug.1931; CAS 29392, I ex.(46-57),
.. h.
h f th d .f" Mindanao I., 14 Apr.1973. CAS 127464, 1 ex.(23), Negros
doxm.a, md .w iC some 0 ese ilerences were.
1. d th ;1:. Oriental, Dumaguete, Jun./Jul.1931, USNM 345018, 1
iscusse , it was rea ize at A. ventrlJasclatus may ex. (60), Palawan, Puer t0 Princessa Bay, 40', coI.I R.E.
be a synonym of A. moluccensis. This has led to an Schroeders ta 2, 14 Nov.1979; USNM 349183,1 ex.(64.3),
investigation of the identity of the species with 19-21 Luzon, SorosogonB ay, 29-30 Apr.1976; USNM 169640,3
lower-limb gill rakers and the need to determine the ex.(44-63), Luzon, Batangas Market, 7 Jun.1 908, x-ray;
status of Bleeker's A. chrysosoma and A. USNM 169641,2 ex.(47-55),M indoro, 4 Jun.1908,x -ray;
monochrous. Indonesia:R MNH 23965 30 ex.(45-55),c oIl. P. Bleeker;
USNM 211085, 5 ex.(40-46), Ceram, vas. SU 29480 2
ex.(38-38), Sulawesi, Lembeh Straits, 21 Jun.1 929; CAS
1399394, ex.(23-32)I,r ian Jaya,N umfoor,S choutenIs lands,
MATERIALS AND METHODS BGT X-44, coIl. T. D. White, Oct.1 944; BPBM 37338, 1
ex.(22), Flores I., coIl. J. E. Randall, 18 Nov. 1996, 6 m;
Methods of taking and recording meristic data and BPBM 19221, 3 ex.( 53-57), Ambon Bay, Ambon I., 16
measurements are given in Fraser & Lachner (1985). Jan.1 975, 15m; BPBM 38705, 3 ex.(31-43),A mbon Bay,
The museum acronyms follow Eschmeyer (1998) and Ambon I., 6 Feb.19752, -3m; WAM P. 28044-004,I ex.(54),
Leviton et al. (1985): (BPBM) Bernice P. Bishop Jimbaran,B ali; New Guinea: USNM 328265, 1 ex.(45),
Museum, Honolulu; (CAS) California Academy of D'Entrecast~a~Is ., 10008'48"S1 51009'00"E1, 6 Dec.1993,8
Scie.hn~.es w iC h ha~ t he Stan for d U m.;.ersity. (SU) m4°;1 3'N14e"wS BntIa 5in2:" 9'6"EU, SNMT eVe2g1a3 380C, r. 761, eSxta.( 242.33-65, 2.82),8 FebR.1a9b6a5u;l,
~at~na~, San Francisco; (~NHN) Museum N~tlonal Solomon Islands: BPBM 15982, 2 ex.(42-43), Honiara,
d Histolfe Naturelle, Pans; (RMNH) Natlonaal GuadacanaIl. , 5 Jul.1973,1 0m.,c olor & bw photos; BPBM
Natuurhistorische Museum, Leiden; (SMF) 26422,5 ex.(37-45)H, oniara,G uadacanaIl. , I Aug.1973,5 m;
Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Apogonv entrifasciatus-H olotype -WAM P. 30351-001,48.7
Frankfurt am Main; (USNM) collections of the mm SL, Papua New Guinea, Madang, coIl. G. Allen, 25
former United States National Museum, deposited in Oct.1991;P aratypes-I ndonesia: BPBM 30132,2 ex.(39-55),
the National Museum of Natural History, Lombok, Sorongjunkung,c oIl. J. Randall, 21 Feb.1 984;
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Type BPBM 341365 ex.(38-49)F, loresI ., MaumereB ay,8 m.,c oIl.
specimens of the new species are deposited in J. E. Randall,1 9S ep.1988B; PBM 340855 ex.(27-41)F, lores
BPBM CAS d USNM I., Maumere Bay, 3-4m., coli. J. E. Randall, 17 Sep.1988;
, an .WAM P.25244-011I, ex.(47),M olucca Islands,A mbon, 3-4
m., coli. G. Allen & J. Randall,6 Feb.1975;W AM P. 30351-
002, 1 ex.(40),c ollectedw ith holotype.
SYSTEMATICS
Comparativem aterial -Apogon oxina -Holotype -CAS
Apogon moluccensis Valenciennes, 1832 33959,55.9m m SL, India,M adras,i n 15-22m etersc oli. K. V.
(Figs. IE-G, 2; Tables 1,2) Rama Rao, Apr.-Jun.1975I,n dia; CAS 98101,7 ex.(43-71),
data samea s holotype; BPBM 27662,6 ex.(41-54)K erala
Apogon moluccensis ~alenciennes, 1832: 54 (type locality, State, Kovalam, 10-11 Feb.1980, 0-7 m; Sri Lanka; USNM
Ambon, indonesIa). .
A h .. (f h ) BI k 18 52 256 213364 55 ex.(44-58), Tnncomalee, 10m., PCH 69-277, coli.
pagan c rlJsosoma or c rysosoma ee er,: ..
(type locality, Wahai, Ceram = Seram). Phillip C. Heemstra2, 9 Sep.1969;U SNM 2133452 ex.(43-
Apogon monochrous Bleeker, 1856: 34 (type locality, 44), PCH 69-279 coli. Phillip C. Heemstra,3 0 Sep.1969;
Manado,C elebes = Sulawesi). USNM 2133464 ex.(19-28),T rincomaleeC, CK 69-135, 10-
Apogon ventrifasciatusA llen, Kuiter, & Randall, 1994: 35, 20m., coli. ChristopherC . Koenig, 4 Apr. 1970, Maldive
fig. 7 (type locality, Madang,P apua New Guinea). Islands;S MF 19841,I ex.(37.1),R asduA toll, 13 Mar.1958.
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002
Diagnosis -A species of Apogon in the subgenus pale reddish with white spot behind posterior end of
Ostorhinchus with 21-25 rudiments plus gill rakers, second dorsal fin; first dorsal fin with distal two-
14-17 lower archd evelopedg ill rakers;r oof of mouth thirds of the membranesb etweens econda nd fourth
and portions of gill archesp ale; a whitish spotb ehind spines a dark reddish; other fins uniformly light
posterior base of secondd orsal fin. reddish except for bluish edging on pelvic fins.
During the day (Fig. IF), head with alternating
Description -Proportions as percentageso f standard whitish and brownish stripes; a narrow whitish stripe
length, other material in parentheses:g reatestb ody starting near posterior edgeo f upper lip extending to
depth 32.5(32-40); head length 40.6(37-42); eye near angle of peopercle; wide brownish stripe from
diameter (12-18); snout length (8-10); upper jaw lower lip onto upper lip extending under eye and
length 17.2(17-20); caudal peduncle depth 14.8(14- onto opercle, narrow whitish stripe from edge of
17); caudal peduncle length 21.7(22-26); first dorsal upper lip on snout through ventral portion of iris
spine length 2.6(2-5); second dorsal spine length onto mid portion of opercle; brownish stripe
6.6(7-10); third dorsal spine length 15.6(16-21); beginning on anterior side of snout extending
fourth dorsal spine length 15.9(16-20);s econdd orsal through iris and onto upper portion of opercle;
fin spine 11.6(12-15);f irst anal spine length 1.6(2-4); narrow whitish stripe from anterior edge of snout
second anal spine length 9.9(10-14); pectoral fin through upper iris onto upper side of head below
length 21.9(22-26); pelvic fin length 19.4(19-24). posttemporal; brownish stripe on side of anterior
nape extending through very upper iris onto side of
Dorsal fin VI-I,9; anal fin 11,8; pectoral fin 14-14 head and variably onto body fading out before origin
(rarely 14-13); pelvic fin 1,5; principal caudalr ays 9 of secondd orsalf in; narrow mid-line stripe on top of
+ 8; pored lateral line scales2 4; transverses caler ows snout from tip of lower lip fading out on posterior
above lateral line 2; transverse scale rows below nape; light orangish-brownc astt o most of body with
lateral line 6; median predorsal scales 4(3-4); variably present faint darkish bars extending from
circumpedunculars cale rows 12 (5+2+5); gill rakers below lateral-line scales onto abdomen; fins
2+4(1-3+3-4) upper arch, 16+1(15-17+0-2) lower uniformly pale. A juvenile photographeda t night (not
arch, total gill rakers 23(21-25), well developed illustrated) by J. E. Randall at Flores, Indonesiah as
20(17-21), seconda rch with shorter gill rakers2 +14. the following colour pattern: A whitish spot just
posterior to the secondd orsal fin; stripes presento n
Villiform teeth in band on the premaxilla; villiform head and body, nape and dorsum dark brownish past
band OQt he dentary; one row on the palatine and white spot; narrow whitish stripe from interorbit over
vomer (vomer missing in holotype); none on eye on to shoulderf ading out about origin of second
ectopterygoid,e ndopterygoido r basihyal. dorsal; dark brownish stripe from snout over and
through upper half of iris fading out prior to second
Vertebrae 10 + 14. Five free hypurals, one pair of dorsal; whitish stripe from snoutt hroughl ower half of
slender uroneurals, three epurals, a free parhypural. iris becoming slightly broaderr eachingt o caudal fin;
Three supraneurals,t wo supernumerary spines on brownishs tripe from upperl ip and snoutt hroughm id-
first dorsal pterygiophore. Basisphenoid present. portion of eye, about width of cornea,e xtendingo nto
Supramaxilla absent. Posttemporal serrate on caudal fin; narrow whitish stripe from lower side of
posterior margin. Preopercle ridge smooth, edges snout though iris just below cornea,f ading out near
serrate on vertical and horizontal margins. Scales pectoral-fin base; lower lip .darkb rownish continuing
head, breast,n ape and body ctenoid. Pore on lateral as an ill-defined stripe to pectoral fin.
line scale complex above with multiple openings,
simple below with one or two openings. Colour in alcohol -Body and fins of holotype
uniform, without any obvious patterns; lower lips
Colour in life -Adult colouration changesb etween with blackish pigment; a small pale spot at posterior
day (Fig. IE) and night (Fig. IF). Allen et al. (1994: baseo f secondd orsal fin. Other specimensv ariable,
Fig. 1C), Hayashi & Yano (1996: figs. 1-4) and sometimes with faint vertical bars on side or with
Kuiter & Kozawa (1999: 43) have a series of uniform color pattern (Fig. 1G); lacking dark stripes
underwater photographs that are consistent our above midline on body; with or without a pale spot
concept of this species.A t night (Fig. IE) with two at posteriQr base of second dorsal fin; lower lips
dark lines, one on upper lip, the other on snout, darkish; roof of mouth, upper and lower gill arches
neither extend behind or below eye; a bluish line pale. Peritoneum silvery, stomach and intestine
above snout stripe, extending behind eye; body a black.
177
Fraser et aI.: Clarification of Apogon mo/uccensisa nd a new species
Fig. 1. A. Apogon monospilus at night, 80mm TL, N.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia,J . E. Randall. B. Apogon monospilusd uring
daylight, 60mm TL, day,A mbon, Indonesia,J . E. Randall.C . Apogon monosp ilus Holotype USNM 357485,e x BPBM 22140,
60 rnrn SL, Negros Oriental, Philippines, J. Randall. D. Apogon oxina Holotype CAS 33959, 56rnrn SL, Madras,I ndia. E.
Apogon moluccensisa t night, 55rnrn TL, N. E. Sulawesi,I ndonesia,J . E. Randall. F. Apogon moluccensisd uring daylight, 65
mm TL, Sangihe Islands, Indonesia,J . E. Randall. G. Apogon moluccensisB PBM 34136,4 9 rnrn SL, Flores, Indonesia,J . E.
Randall. H. Apogon oxina BPBM 27662 67 rnrn SL, Kovalam, India, J. E. Randall.
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002
Distribution -This speciesi s known to have a West as Apogon moluccensis, noting that Apogon
Pacific Oceand istribution (Fig. 2). apogonidesw as also present.N o material of Apogon
apogonides was present among the 47 Bleeker
Remarks -Measurements of eye diameter, snout specimens( discussedi n the following treatment of
length and bony interorbital of the holotype width Apogon chrysosoma and Apogon monochrous)
were not taken becauset he head is damaged (also examined by T. H. Fraser in 1972. Bleeker (1874,
noted by E. A. Lachner in 1956).V alenciennes( 1832) 1876) considered his Apogon moluccensism aterial
describes the type as having stripes on the nape, close to Apogon hoeveniia nd correctly identified the
blackish lips, first dorsal fin with blackish tip and a differencei n the pectoral fin-ray counts.
reddish body lacking any marks or spots on or near
the caudal fin. Gon (1987) examined the type and Gill rakersa ndr udimentso n the lower limb of the first
noted a white spot at the posteriorb aseo f the second gill archw ere abouto ne less in the Indonesiam aterial
dorsal fin. This small marking is also evident in a comparedw ith Philippine material (Table 1). Material
photographo f the type taken in 1972 by the senior from New Guinea and Solomon Islands was
author. intermediate.M ore material may clarify whethert he
differencei s real. No specific colour differencesw ere
One characteristic,t he relatively short spines in the noted.
dorsala nd anal fins of the type was not mentionedb y
ValenciennesT. hesep roportions of the type are at the Apogon oxina (Figs. lD, H) has a total count of about
limits of variation reported here. Weber & de one more gill raker and rudiment on the lower limb of
Beaufort (1929) discussB leeker's material identified the first gill arch than the Indonesianm aterial of A.
Asia
:.80nln
." Is.
,
20 PhilIppiSnee a '; MarI ana .Wake
, Is. I.
,
, : Marshall
.' .-.'. Is,
,.j...:.,:'.:.:.:~ :,. ":.~':"
..Caroline ,
Is.' '.
O' ' t.
.:. ~
,. .'.Iv\.~ oloman '. .
~ 0o, Is. ."'.
Cocos (Keeling) .~ "
Is. ,'. .:.. .
: ..
a -'
.FIJI...)ot
20. ' .'.',I):.. Is:o'""'
.poAgon mo Iuccensis .New~" Caledonia
.Apogon monospilus
.poAgon oxln.a.N orfolk '. .
80. 100. 120. 160.
Fig. 2. Distribution of the collections sites for Apogon moluccensisA, pogon monospilus,a nd Apogon oxina.
179
1 I
'1
Frasere t al.: Clarification of Apogon moluccensisa nd a new species
Table 1. Total gill raker and rudiment counts f.or four specieso f Apogon.
Total Upper Arch Lower Arch
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ave. 5 6 7 8 Ave. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Ave.
-
Apogon moluccensis ~
Philippines 1 8 5 ---23.2 2 8 4 -6.14 1 11 2 ---17.1
New GuineaI Solomons 6 7 22.5 12 1 -6.07 7 6 ---16.5
Indonesia 6 37 18 1 1 ---22.3 3 58 2 -5.98 3 41 17 2 ---16.3
TOTAL 7 43 33 6 1 ---22.4 5 78 7 -6.02 3 49 34 4 ---16.4
Apogono xina 1 1 13 11 1 --23.5 -20 6 -6.23 -1 18 7 --17.2
Apogonm onospilus --3 14 25 5 26.7 -11 35 1 6.78 --9 34 4 19.9
Apogon atrogaster ---1 --1 --1
Table 2. The relative length of the fourth dorsal spine comparedw ith the third dorsal spine.
Shorter Equal Longer
Apogon moluccensis 7 2 7
Apogon monospilus 3 1 6
Apogon oxina 7 -5
moluccensis, dark stripes (with bars in preserved Either the third or fourth dorsal fin spine may be the
material) and a tendency to be collected in deeper longest( Table 2). The third spine is slightly stronger
water. Jones & Kumaran (1965, 1980) and Jones basedo n the relative thicknesso f this spinec ompared
(1969) reported specimens of Apogon moluccensis with the fourth spine. There appear to be a size
from the LaccadiveA rchipelago. However,t hey gave relationship with the smaller specimens having a
no gill raker counts and their color descriptioni s not longer third dorsal spine and larger specimensh aving
consistentw ith Apogon oxina. Gon (1987: 7, fig. 6) a longer fourth dorsal spine. These observations
identified a specimeno f Apogon moluccensisfr om the suggestt hat having the fourth spine as the longest in
Maldives at RasduA toll. He describedt he specimena s the fIrst dorsal fin is not restrictedt he subgenusJ aydia
having 6-7 vertical rows of spots on the sides and a as recognizedb y Gon (1996)a nd may require a closer
white spot at the posterior base of the secondd orsal examinationo f spine growth with increasings ize for
fin, with 21 well developedg ill rakersa nd a total count this character.
of 6+18. Examination of this specimen,n ow much
faded,h as little indication of dark bars or stripes,b ut
agreesw ith our concepto f Apogon oxinab asedo n the Status of Apogon chrysosomaa nd
higher gill rakerc ount. It is possiblet hatt he specimens Apogon monochrous
reported from the Maldive and Laccadive Islands
representa nother species.S pecimensr eported from Theset wo speciesd escribedb y Bleeker in 1852 and
the Red Sea by Klunzinger (1870) as Apogon later in 1856 from Serama nd Manado in Indonesia
monochrous are Apogon guamensis or Apogon have been considered junior synonyms of A.
zebrinus( personalc omm., Ofer Gon). moluccensis.T he history and number of putative
types and Bleeker's habit of mixing of type material
The holotype of Apogon moluccensisd oes not agree necessitate the designation of lectotypes for the
with the gill raker counts for the materialr eported by seldom-usedn amesA pogon monochrousa nd Apogon
Allen et al. (1994) as Apogon moluccensis.T heir chrysosomato clarify the speciesn amesw ith regard
concepto f Apogonm oluccensisw as limited to the new to Apogon moluccensisA, pogon ventrifasciatusa nd
speciesd escribedh erein( seeT able 1). the new species.
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002
The auction catalogue (see Lamme, 1973) lists Description of lectotype -Range of proportions (as
specimensa s 55/2/2/2/2 and Bleeker (1874, 1876) percentageo f standardl ength): greatestb ody depth
listed 63 specimensf or A. moluccensisD. e Booufort& 31.9; head length 38.6; eye diameter 13.1; snout
Weber (1929:324)r eported many specimensd id not length 8.6; bony interorbital width 7.4; upper jaw
belong to this species. RMNH 10822, with 26 length 17.4; caudal peduncle depth 14.3; caudal
specimensi,s identified as Apogon apogonidesw hich peduncle length 23.3; first dorsal spine length 3.8;
was part of the Bleekerm aterial reportedb y Weber& second dorsal spine length 8.3; third dorsal spine
de Beaufort( 1929).V ariouss pecimensh ave beenw ere length 20.9; fourth dorsal spine length 18.6; second
removed from RMNH 5567 prior to and after 1956. dorsal fin spine length 13.3; first anal spine length
Forty-seven specimens were noted as present in 2.6; seconda nal spine length 11.7; pectoralf in length
RMNH 5567 when E.A. Lachner examined the 22.4; pelvic fin length 21.7.
material in 1956 (then listed as Apogon moluccensis
but now split as follows: RMNH 23964 with 8 Dorsal fin VI-I,9; anal fin 11,8; pectoral fin 14-14;
specimensw hich includes three putative syntypeso f pelvic fin 1,5; principal caudalr ays 9 + 8; most scales
Apogon chrysosoma,R MNH 5567 with 9 of the 11 missing; gill rakers 2+4 upper arch, 16+1 lower arch,
specimensr epresentingt he putative syntypes of A. total gill rakers 23, well developed2 0.
monochrousR, MNH 23965 with 30 specimensa s non
type materialo f both names). Villiform teeth in a band on premaxilla; villiform
band on dentary; one row on palatine and vomer;
Somet ime during or after 1956,e ight specimensw ere none on ectopterygoid,e ndopterygoido r basihyal.
removedt o RMNH 23964,p ossibly by M. Boeseman
or perhapsi ndicated by E.A. Lachner (as containing Supramaxilla absent. Posttemporal serrate on
the putative syntypeso f Apogon chrysosomaa) nd 30 posterior margin. Preopercles errate on vertical and
specimensw ere removed to RMNH 23965 under the horizontal margins. Scalesc tenoid.
name Apogon moluccensis( not part of either type
series). All of the material in RMNH 23965 are too Colour in alcohol -Body, head and fins uniform,
small to be part of the type serieso f A. monochrous without any pigment patterns. A white spot just
exceptf or one specimen( -90.3 mmTL) which belongs behind the posteriorb aseo f the secondd orsalf in.
to anotheru nidentified speciesw ith a higher pectoral
fin-ray count (15), lower gill-raker count (2+4-13+1), Remarks -Bleeker (1852) described Apogon
villiform band of dentary and premaxillary teeth, chrysosoma,o riginally spelled as chrijsosoma, the
smooth preopercle ridge and serrated preopercle 'ij' in Dutch is equivalent to 'y' in Latin, (see
margins.T hirteens pecimensin RMNH 23965a re less Eschmeyere t al., 1998: 374) from three specimens,
than 52mm TL and the other 17 specimensa re too 52-55 mm TL, but subsequentlyh e (1874, 1876)
large to be part of the A. chrysosomat ype series. considered it to be a synonym of Apogon
Sixteeno f the 63 listed specimensa re unaccountedfo r moluccensisT. he auction catalogue( published when
this analysisa nd may be representedb y specimenso f Bleeker's material was advertised for sale and
Apogon apogonidesi n RMNH 10822. reprinted in Lamme, 1973)i ndicates eight specimens
of Apogon chrysosomaA. ll eight putative specimens
The lectotypes for each name are described below, in RMNH 23964 belong to the sames peciesa nd are
based on data taken by T. H. Fraser. If these two within the size range of the original three syntypes.
lectotypes are determined not to be part of their None of this material is more specifically identified
original type series and no other syntypes can .be as to type status.T he specimen( 42.0 mm SL, 52.0
identified, then we recommend that each respectIve mm TL) in the best condition was used to take data
lectotype be designated as a neotype to maintain and is designated the lectotype. A single
nomenclaturals tability. paralectotype,t he largest specimen( 43.1 mm SL,
54.8 mm TL), is identified. All other material is in
relatively similar condition and identification of a
Apogon chrysosomaB leeker, 1852 secondp aralectoypeh as no rational basis.
Material examined -Lectotype -RMNH 23964, 42.0 mm Apogon chrysosoma is treated as a synonym of
SL. Wahai, Ceram. Apagan moI uccens..ls 10 agreemetn W.it h Bleek er' s
Paralectotyp-eR MNH 34749,43.1m, m SL,s amed ata,e x opinion based on the gill raker counts and the sm~ll
RMNH 5567; RMNH 34750 6 ex.(40.7-43.1m m SL, white spot just behind the second dorsal fin.
-51.0-54.8m mT L), WahaiC, erame, x RMNH5 567. However,t he dorsal and anal spineso f this specimen
181
Fraser et al.: Clarification of Apogon moluccensis and a new species
are longer than those of the holotype of Apogon agreement with Bleeker's opinion. The dorsal and anal
moluccensis. spines of this specimen are longer than those of the
holotype of Apogon moluccensis even though the size
is about the same.
Apogon monochrous Bleeker, 1856
Material examined -Lectotype -RMNH 5567, 65.0 mm Apogon monospilus, new species
SL, 81.9 mm TL, Celebes,M anado,c olI. P. Bleeker. (Figs. 1A-C, 2, Tables 1,2)
Paralectotypes- RMNH 34751; 7 ex.(55.5-59.4);s amed ata I" t .I .
11'~a ena examIne d -0 H 10 type -ex.USN.M 357485
as lectotype , ex 5567. BPBM 2214 0,73 mm SL, Negros Onental, Dumaguete
City, 27 Aug. 1977,2 0 m.
Description of lectotype -Range of proportions (as
percentage of standard length): greatest body depth Paratypes- USNM 169638,4 ex.(64-7 0), Philippines, Jolo,
33.7; head length 36.9; eye diameter 12.9; snout Albatross D. 5136,14 Feb.1908,4 1 m., x-ray; SU 69804, 1
length 7.5; bony interorbital width 6.9; upper jaw ex.(67), Negros Oriental, Dumaguete,A WH 9-VI-31, colI.
length 18.1; caudal peduncle depth 16.6; caudal A.W. Herr:e, 9 Jun.1931; BP~M 28538, 5 ex.(74-78),
peduncle length 22.1; first dorsal spine length 2.9; Negros Onental, DumagueteC Ity, 3 Jun.1981,2 1m.
second dorsal spine length br?ken; third dorsal spine Others- Philippines: USNM 169638,4 ex.(64-74),J olo,D .
length 1?2; f?urth dorsal spme leng~h 19.1; second 5136,14 Feb.1 908,4 1 m., x-ray; USNM 169639,3 ex.(40-
dorsal fIn spme 15.1; first anal spme length 2.8; 57), Jolo Light, D.5174, 5 Mar.1908,3 7 m; USNM 171119,
second anal spine length 12.8; pectoral fin length 5 ex.(55-60),S ulade1 .,5°41 '40"N 120048'50"ED, .5146,4 4
22.3; pelvic fin length 25.2. m., 16 Feb.1908, x-ray, 1 ex.(52) stained and cleared;
USNM 171121, 2 ex.(53-56), Sulade I., 5°41'40"N
Dorsal fin VI-I,9; anal fin 11,8; pectoral fin usually 120047'10"ED, .5147, 16 Feb.1908,3 9 m., x-ray; USNM
14-14; pelvic fin 1,5; principal caudal rays 9 + 8; 56183, 1 ex.(72), Bulan, x-ray; USNM 349183,.1 ex.(64),
pored lateral line scales -25' transverse scale rows Sorsogon market, 29-30 Apr. 1976; IndonesIa: BPBM
.' 36519, 1 ex.( 50), Sulawesi, Tandu Rusa, 1°27'30"N.
above l~teral ~m~ 2; tran~verse scale rows below 125°13'22"E.,3 0 Sep.1994,1 8 m; BPBM 32329, 3 ex.(21-
l~teral lIne mIssmg; medIan predorsal sc.ales -4; 31), Molucca Is., Ambon I., 4 Oct.1987, 20 m; BPBM
cIrcumpeduncular scale rows 12 (5+2+5); gill rakers 19424,8 ex.(63-7 3), Molucca Is., Ambon I.: J. E. Randall
3+4 upper arch, 15+1 lower arch, 22 total, 18 well Feb.1 985,5 m., color, bw photos; BPBM 19464,2 ex.(64-
developed. 64), Ambon Bay, Ambon I., 6 Feb.1975,2 -3m, color, bw
photos; USNM 213379, 1 ex.(47), Moluccas, Ambon I.,
Villiform teeth in a band on premaxilla; villiform VGS 74-17,16 Mar. 1974,3 m; BPBM 38632, ex. BPBM
band on dentary; one row on palatine; one-two rows 34136, ex.(36-37), Flores I., Maumere B~y, 8 m., 19
on the vomer; none on ectopterygoid, endopterygoid. Sep.1988;S U 29468, 2 ex.(38-39), SulawesI,L embeh St.
b .h 1 colI. A.W. Herre, 20 Jan. 1929; WAM P.28051-001, 1
or asl ya. ex.(51), Bali, Lombok Strait, Jul.1976; Papua New Guinea:
BPBM 32531,1 ex.(44),W ongatI . colI. J. E. Randall,2 0-28
Supramaxilla absent. Posttemporal serrate on m; Australia: WAM P.27599-0133, ex.(52-53),N orth West
posterior margin. Preopercle serrate on vertical and Cape,W esternA ustralia, May.1976; WAM P.24733-001,2
horizontal margins. Scales ctenoid. ex.(39-41),L izard I., Queensland9, May.1976.
Color in alcohol -Head, body and fins uniform, no Comparative material- Amia atrogaster -Holotype,
pigment patterns remain. A white spot just behind the USNM 70249, 46.8 mm SL, Western Luzon, D.5442,
posterior base of the second dorsal fin. 11 May. 1909, x-ray.
Remarks -Bleeker (1874, 1876) considered his Apogon Diagnosis -A species of Apogon in the subgenus
monochrous a synonym of Apogon moluccensis. The Ostorhinchus with 26-28 rudiments plus gill rakers,
original description listed 11 specimens, 72-87 mm TL, 19-21 lower arch developed gill rakers; roof of
and all nine of the putative specimens are within this mouth and portions of gill arches darkish; a whitish
size range in RMNH 5567. All specimens are the same spot behind posterior base of second dorsal fin.
species with a white spot just behind the second dorsal
fin. One of the specimens, 65.0 mm SL, 81.9 mm TL, Description -For general body shape see Figs. lA-
is designated the lectotype. Apogon monochrous is C, paratypes and other material in parentheses.
treated as synonym of Apogon moluccensis in Range of proportions (as percentage of standard
182
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002
length): greatest body depth 40.1(32-41); head of iris, expanding slightly posteriorly on opercle,
length 36.7(37-41); eye diameter 12.6(12-16); becomingb roadero n mid-side of body,r eachingo nto
snout length 8.2(8-10); bony interorbital width caudalf in; two narroww hitish stripesa bovea nd below
8.6(8-9); upper jaw length 17.6(17-20); caudal midline stripe on head throughi ris from upper lip and
peduncle depth 17.3( 15 -18); caudal peduncle snout to edge of opercle; iris yellowish between
length 22.7(22-25); first dorsal-fin spine length whitish stripes; narrow pale and brown nape stripes
3.7(3-5); second dorsal-fin spine length 8.5(8-10); over eye, brown stripe onto body fading before origin
-third dorsal-fin spine length 18.2(17-20); fourth of fIrst dorsal fin; lower cheeka nd abdomens ilvery.
dorsal-fin spine length 18.7(16-21); spine in Allen (1985: Fig. 182), Allen and Swainston( 1988:
second dorsal fin 12.9(13-16); first anal-fin spine Fig. 394)p rovidedp hotographso f this species. Kuiter
length 1.7(2-4); second anal-fin spine length and Kozawa (1999: 44, Figs. A-H) have a series of
10.5(10-15); pectoral fin length 23.5(23-27); underwaterphotographs,identifiedasA. monochrous,
pelvic fin length 22.4(20-25). that are consistentw ith our concepto f this species
Dorsal fin VII-I,9; anal fin 11,8p; ectoralf in rays 14-14; Distribution -Known from Indonesia,t he Philippines
pelvic fin 1,5;p rincipal caudalr ays 9 + 8; poredl ateral and New Guinea (Fig. 2). Most specimensh ave been
line scales2 4 ; transverses caler ows abovel ateral line collected in deeperw ater.
2; transverses cale rows below lateral line 6; median
predorsals cales3 -4; circumpedunculars caler ows 12- Etymology -Monospilus, from the Greek words
13 (5+2+5) .The frequencyo f certainc ountsi s given mono( one)a nd spilos (spot),r eferring to single white
in Table 1. spot presenti n life, treateda s a noun in apposition.
Villiform teeth in band on premaxilla; villiform teeth Remarks -A 76 mm SL specimeni n BPBM 28538
in bandb ecomingt wo rows posteriorly on the dentary; has eggs in its mouth. This speciesw as collected at
one to two rows on vomer; one row on palatine;n one the same stations with Apogon moluccensis( BPBM
on ectopterygoide, ndopterygoido r basihyal.V ertebrae 34136 and SU 69804). Depending on fixing and
10 + 14. Five free hypurals, one pair of slender preservationt echniquest he white spot at the base of
uroneurals, three epurals, a free parhypural. Three the second dorsal fin mayor may not be visibly
supraneuralst,w o supernumerarys pineso n fIrst dorsal white. The lack of dark bars in juveniles and adults,
pterygiophore. Basisphenoid present. Supramaxilla dark pigmentedr oof of mouth, upper and portions of
absent. Posttempora1s errate on posterior margin. the lower gill archesa nd the higher gill-raker counts
Preopercler idge smooth,e dgess errateo n vertical and (Table 1) distinguishes Apogon monosp ilus from
horizontalm argins.I nfraorbital edges mooth. Apogon oxina and Apogon moluccensis.A ll three
species share silvery peritoneum silvery with
Scaleso n head, breast,n ape and body ctenoid,p ored blackish stomachs and intestines. The holotype of
lateral line scales from posttemporal to base of Apogon atrogaster (Smith & Radcliffe in Radcliffe,
hypural. Pore on lateral-line scalec omplexa bovew ith 1912), anothers peciesw ith a blackish stomacha nd
multiple openings, simple below with one or two intestine, taken by the Albatross with a dredge,h as
openings. similar total gill raker counts (1+6-19+0) but has a
single row of premaxilla teeth, two-three rows of
Colour in alcohol- Whitish spotb ehind posteriorb ase dentary teeth narrowing to one row laterally, no
of secondd orsal fin variably presento r absent;b ody palatine teeth, fewer serrations on the ventral and
uniformly-brownish( Fig. 1C ) or with faint wide stripe; posteriore dgeso f the preopercle,n o serrationso n the
head uniform without marks; fIrst dorsal fin dusky, posttemporal,a nd a slenderb ody (29% of SL versus
secondd orsal fin and anal fin without stripes,c audal 35-38% for similar sized individuals).
fin uniform or with a faint midline stripe; roof of
mouth, upper archa nd portion of lower arch dark with
melanophores. Peritoneum silvery, stomach and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
intestineb lack.
For the loan of material and the use of museum
Colour in Life -From colour transparencie(sF igs. lA, facilities thanks are extended to many colleagues
night & B, day) by J. E. Randall: whitish or yellowish over the past two decades.W e specifically extend
white spot behind posteriorb aseo f secondd orsal fin; thanks to Arnold Suzumoto (BPBM), David
darkish brown stripe, about pupil width beginning on Greenfield, (University of Hawaii), F. Krupp (SMF),
upperp art of lower lip extendingt hrough snout, parts David Catania, William N. Eschmeyer and Tomio
183
Fraser et aI.: Clarification of Apogon moluccensis and a new species
Iwamoto (CAS), and Martien van Oijen (RMNH) for Washington1, 12(1): 40-44, 1 Fig. ..
h I S L J tt D .
recent e P ...'" usan. ewe, aVI. d G Sffil .th , and Fraser, cardT.i nalfiHs. h & E. subgA. eneraLa chner, Prls.t.lap19o85.g on A anre VISdIon Zo ramlaof . the 0f
Jeffery T. Wllhams (USNM) aIded ill curatorIal the Indo-Pacific region (Teleostei: Apogonidae).
processes, photography and x-ray. Leonard P. Schultz SmithsonianC ontributions to Zoology, 412: 1-47,20
funds supported several study trips to the Smithsonian Figs.,4 Tabs.
for the first author. Gon, 0., 1987. The cardinal fishes (Perciformes:
Apogonidae)c ollected in the Maldive Islands during
the Xarifa expedition( 1957/58).J . L. B. SmithI nstitute
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Tabs.
Allen, G. R., 1985. Fishes of Western. Austral~a. ..GanP,~ cIfic (0P.,e rc1if9o9rm6.e s, RevisiAonp ogonoidf ateh,e carAdipnoaglfoisnh) . sTurbagnesnaucsti onsJ aydiaof
Marine Fishes. Book 9. TFH PacIfic Manne FIshes the Royal Society of South Africa, 51: 147-194, 17
series -book 9, ~eptune City. ..Figs., 7 Tabs.
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Western Australia, vI+201pp., Western AustralIan ventrifasciatus (Pisces: Apogonidae) from Ryukyu
Museum,P erth. Islands, southern Japan. Science Report of the
Allen, G. R., R. H. Kuiter & J,. E. Randa~l, 1994. Yokosuka City Museum, 44: 47-53, 8 Figs., 1 Tab. (In
Descriptions of five new specIes of cardinalfishes Japanese, English abstract)
(Apogonidae: Apogon) from Maumere Bay, Flor~s, Jones, S., 1969. Catalogue of fishes from the Laccadive
Indonesia and surrounding regions. R~vue francalse Archipelago in the referencec ollections of the Central
d:4.quariologie2, 1(1994)1-2:2 7-38,7 FIgS.,5 Tabs. Marine Fisheries ResearchI nstitute. Bulletin of the
Bleeker,P ., 1852.B ijdrage tot de kennis der ichthijologische Central Marine FisheriesR esearchI nstitute,8 : 1-32.
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Nederlandsch-Indii!3, : 229-309. ..Biological Association ofI ndia, 6(2): 285-306,28F igs.
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grotendeelsv erzameld op een rijs naar den Moluksen andA quatic SciencesS ervice,I -xii, 76Opp.6, 03 Figs.
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Bleeker, P., 1874. Revision des especes Indo- 669-834.
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Fowler,H . W. &B. A. Bean,1 930.T he fishes of the families family Cheilodipteridae from the Philippine Islands
Amiidae, Chandidae, Duleidae, and Serranidae, and contiguousw aters.P roceeding oft he United States
obtained by the United States Bureau of Fisheries National Museum.4 1(1868): 431-446,P Is. 34-38.
SteamerA lbatross in 1907 to 1910, chiefly in the ValenciennesA, ., 1832. Descriptions de p1usieurse speces
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184