Civil Avionics Systems

433 Pages·2003·12.082 MB·English

by  Moir Ian, Seabridge Allan

Civil Avionics Systems
Civil Avionics Systems
Ian Moir
Allan G Seabridge
Display chapter contributed by Malcolm Jukes
Professional Engineering Publishing Limited,
London and Bury St Edmunds, UK
This edition published 2003 by Professional Engineering Publishing, UK.
Published in USAby American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
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publication is illegal. Inquiries should be addressed to: The Publishing Editor, Professional
Engineering Publishing Limited, Northgate Avenue, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, IP32 6BW, UK.
ISBN 1 86058 342 3
Copyright © 2003 Ian Moir and Allan Seabridge.
ACIPcatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The publishers are not responsible for any statement made in this publication. Data, discussion,
and conclusions developed by the authors are for information only and are not intended for use
without independent substantiating investigation on the part of the potential users. Opinions
expressed are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers or its publishers.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Limited, Suffolk, UK
Cover image © Airbus
About the Authors
Ian Moir BSc, CEng, FRAeS, FIEE served twenty years in the Royal Air Force as an
Engineering Cadet/Officer, retiring with the rank of Squadron Leader. He then went on
to work for eighteen years at Smiths Industries, Cheltenham, UK. Here he had
responsibilities for the introduction of avionics technology into aircraft utilities systems
on both military and civil aircraft. He was Programme Manager for the integrated
Utilities Management System on the UK Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP); and
technology demonstrator for the European Fighter Aircraft. Ian’s principal successes at
Smiths Industries included the selection and development of new integrated systems for
the McDonnell Douglas/Boeing AH-64C/D Longbow Apache attack helicopter and
Boeing 777 (Queens Award for Technology – 1998), both of which are major production
programmes.
Ian has over 40 years’ experience in the aerospace industry. He is currently an
International Aerospace consultant, operating in the areas of aircraft electrical and
utilities systems and avionics.
Allan Seabridge BA, MPhil is currently the Chief Flight Systems Engineer at BAE
SYSTEMS, a position held since 1998. Before that he was the Avionics Integrated Product
Team Leader on the Nimrod MRA4 programme for five years. He has worked in the
aerospace industry for over 30 years in flight systems and avionic systems engineering,
business development, and project management. He has been involved in a wide range of
military fast jet, trainer, and ground or maritime surveillance aircraft projects.
Allan has worked in many international collaborative programmes in Europe and the
United States, and he has led a number of national and international engineering teams.
This has led to an interest in all aspects of system engineering capability – the practice of
engineering, the processes and tools employed, and the people and skills required.
Malcolm Jukes BSc, FRAeS, FIEE has over 35 years’ experience in the aerospace
industry, mostly working for the Smiths Group at Cheltenham, UK. Among his many
responsibilities as Chief Engineer for Defence Systems Cheltenham, Malcolm managed
the design and experimental flight trials of the first UK Electronic Flight Instrument
System (EFIS) and subsequently the development and application of shadow-mask CRT
technology for multi-function, head-down displays on the F/A-18, AV8B, Eurofighter
Typhoon and EH101 aircraft. In this role, and subsequently as Technology Director, he
was responsible for product technical strategy and the acquisition of new technology for
Smiths UK aerospace products. One of his most significant activities was the application
of AMLCD technology to civil and military aerospace applications.
Malcolm is now an aerospace consultant operating in the areas of displays, display
systems, and mission computing.
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For the full range of titles published by Professional Engineering Publishing
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Contents
Acknowledgements xiii
Foreword by B Tucker xiv
Foreword by B Cosgrove xv
Authors’Preface xvi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii
Chapter1 – Introduction 1
Chapter2 – Avionics Technology 5
The nature of microelectronic devices 7
Processors 10
Memory devices 11
Digital data buses 11
Data bus examples – integration of aircraft systems 21
Regional aircraft/business jets 24
Fibre-optic buses 25
Avionics packaging – Line Replaceable Units 26
Typical LRU architecture 27
Environmental conditions 28
Integrated Modular Avionics 30
Software 31
References 32
Chapter3 – Systems Development 33
System design 34
Key agencies and documentation 34
Design guidelines and certification techniques 34
Equivalence of US and European Specifications 37
Interrelation of processes 37
Requirements capture 40
Requirements capture example 42
Fault Tree Analysis 43
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 45
Component reliability 46
Dispatch reliability 47
Markov Analysis 48
Development processes 50
viii Civil Avionics Systems
The produce life cycle 50
Development programme 57
‘V’diagram 58
ETOPS and LROPS requirements 59
References 62
Chapter4 – Electrical Systems 63
Aircraft electrical system characteristics 65
Power generation 65
DC power generation 65
AC power generation 66
Power generation control 68
Modern electrical power generation types 72
Electrical power quality 76
Primary power distribution 77
Power conversion and energy storage 78
Batteries 80
Secondary power distribution 81
Power switching 81
Load protection 81
Solid state power controllers 82
Electrical loads 82
Motors and actuation 82
Lighting 84
Heating 84
Subsystem controllers and avionics systems 85
Ground power 85
Emergency power generation 86
Ram Air Turbine 86
Back-up converters 87
Permanent magnet generators 88
Typical aircraft DC system 88
Typical civil transport aircraft systems 90
Civil aircraft electrical system examples 90
Boeing 767 91
Boeing 747-400 92
Airbus A330/340 94
Boeing 777 95
Airbus A380 97
More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) 97
Electrical system displays 97
Aircraft wiring 98
References 99
Chapter5 – Sensors 101
Air data 101
Magnetic sensing 110
Magnetic Heading Reference System (MHRS) 112
Inertial navigation 115
Contents ix
Inertial sensing 115
Inertial navigation 118
Inertial platforms 119
Strapdown systems 121
Radar sensors 122
Radar altimeter 122
Doppler radar 125
Weather radar 126
References 128
Chapter6 – Communications and Navigation Aids 129
Radio Frequency spectrum 130
Communications systems 132
High Frequency 134
Very High Frequency 135
Satellite communications 138
Air Traffic Control (ATC) transponder 141
Traffic Collision and Avoidance System 144
Communications control system 146
Navigation aids 146
Automatic Direction Finding 147
Very High Frequency Omni-Range 147
Distance Measuring Equipment 148
TACAN 149
VORTAC 150
Satellite navigation systems 150
Instrument Landing System 153
Transponder Landing System (TLS) 156
Microwave Landing System (MLS) 156
Hyberbolic navigation systems 157
References 159
Chapter7 – Displays 161
Introduction 161
The electromechanical instrumented flight deck 161
Early flight deck instruments 161
The 1950s – piston-engined aircraft 162
The 1970s – jet aircraft 164
The Attitude Direction Indicator 166
The Horizontal Situation Indicator 168
The altimeter 168
The Airspeed Indicator (ASI) 169
Standby instruments 171
The ‘glass’flight deck 171
Advanced civil flight deck research 171
BAC 1-11 technology demonstrator 172
Boeing 757 and 767 175
British Aerospace advanced turbo-prop 175
Airbus A320/A330 176
x Civil Avionics Systems
Boeing 747-400 178
Upgrade of ‘Classic’aircraft flight decks 179
Glass standby instruments 182
Airworthiness regulations 183
Regulatory requirements 183
Certification guidelines 184
Display format guidelines 185
Display system architectures 186
Display suite components 186
Display systems 189
Electronic flight instrument systems 189
Combined EFIS and EICAS/ECAM systems 192
Modular avionics display systems 193
Display media 194
Visual requirements 194
Environmental requirements 195
Electrical power supply transient immunity 195
The Cathode Ray Tube 196
The Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display 199
Displays for the flight deck of the future 205
Large area head-down displays 205
Three-dimensional and four-dimensional display formats 207
The Head-Up Display 209
References 213
Chapter8 – Navigation 215
Basic navigation 215
Radio navigation 218
Oceanic crossings 220
Inertial navigation 220
Air Data and Inertial Reference Systems (ADIRS) 223
Satellite navigation 226
GPS error 227
Differential GPS 227
Integrated navigation 229
Sensor usage – phases of flight 230
GPS overlay programme 232
Categories of GPS receiver 232
Flight Management System (FMS) 232
FMS Control and Display Unit (FMS CDU) 236
FMS procedures 244
FANS 246
Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) 246
GPWS and EGPWS 247
References 248
Chapter9 – Flight Control Systems 251
Inter-relationship of flight control functions 251
Flight control – frames of reference 253
Flight control systems 254