City Diplomacy: From City-States to Global Cities

139 Pages·2021·1.173 MB·English

by  Raffaele Marchetti

City Diplomacy

City Diplomacy
From City- States to Global Cities
Raffaele Marchetti
University of Michigan Press
Ann Arbor
Copyright © 2021 by Raffaele Marchetti
All rights reserved
For questions or permissions, please contact [email protected]
Published in the United States of America by the
University of Michigan Press
Manufactured in the United States of America
Printed on acid- free paper
First published October 2021
A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Marchetti, Raffaele, author.
Title: City diplomacy : from city- states to global cities / Raffaele Marchetti.
Description: Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical
references and index. |
Identifiers: lccn 2021018738 (print) | lccn 2021018739 (ebook) |
isbn 9780472075034 (hardcover) | isbn 9780472055036 (paperback) |
isbn 9780472129454 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Metropolitan areas— Political aspects. | Sociology, Urban. |
Urban climatology.
Classification: LCC ht330 .m377 2021 (print) | LCC ht330 (ebook) |
DDC 307.76— dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021018738
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021018739
Cover image courtesy Shutterstock.com / sdecoret
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Setting the Stage: The Relevance of Cities in Global Affairs 1
Part I: Cities in Global Affairs
Introduction to Part I 11
1 • Nonstate Actors in Global Politics 15
2 • A World of Cities 25
Part II: City Diplomacy
Introduction to Part II 41
3 • Structural Factors of City Diplomacy 47
4 • Fields of Operations of City Diplomacy 69
Part III: For the Future
Concluding Remarks on Cities in the Twenty- First Century 107
Notes 111
References 113
Index 125
Digital materials related to this title can be found on
the Fulcrum platform via the following citable URL:
https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11991621

Acknowledgments
I wish to express sincere thanks to my Luiss students in the Department of
Political Sciences and the School of Government: Hadeer Ibrahim Abdel-
magid, Mattia Bonizzato, Giacomo Bozio Madè, Federica Castellana, Filippo
Cutrera, Clara Houin, and Maria Vittoria Fiori, for having made available
part of the material of their degree theses on different aspects of city diplo-
macy carried out under my supervision. With their discussions in class and
their research they helped me to refine this book. Many thanks to Judit Fa-
bian and Manfredi Valeriani for insightfully commenting on the text. I wish
to thank Daniel Monti and Fredric Nachbaur for their encouragement re-
garding this book. I wish to thank Samson Fagbohunlu for proofreading the
text. Last but not least, I want to express my gratitude to Elizabeth Demers
from the University of Michigan Press for her enthusiastic support of this
project.

Setting the Stage
The Relevance of Cities in Global Affairs
Cities are where the action is. We need to change our mental map— reality is
changing fast and we are stuck to a state- centric understanding of international
affairs. After being identified as the sites of action for many centuries, cities
were kicked out of the mental scene with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. To-
day, cities are getting more attention, but we often don’t realize it fully because
we continue to think in a predominantly Westphalian manner. Our mental
map consists of approximately 200 pieces, the states that are members of the
United Nations, but these are not the only pieces of the jigsaw puzzle we need
to have in mind to capture the world in which we live. We need at least another
10,000 pieces in our minds, the rough number of cities in the world.1
Socioeconomic Relevance
In 2007, for the first time in history, more people lived in urban areas than
in rural areas. The global population living in cities moved from 3 percent
(1800), to 14 percent (1900), to 30 percent (1950), to 40 percent (2000),
and is today 55 percent (World Bank 2019), with an estimated prospect of
70 percent by 2050. The prospect for the future includes some massive
urban conglomerates that mankind has never experienced in its history. For
instance, in 2015, Kinshasa, DRC, had a population of 12 million but is pro-
jected to reach 83 million by 2100; Lagos Metropolitan Area, Nigeria, is
projected to reach the enormous population of 80 to 100 million by 2100
(Hoornweg and Pope 2014). Mexico City already has as many as 100,000
members in its police force, larger than the law enforcement agencies of 115