Citrus mites: identification, bionomy and control

392 Pages·2009·2.92 MB·English

by  V Vicante

C M
ITRUS ITES
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C M
ITRUS ITES
Identifi cation, Bionomy and
Control
Vincenzo Vacante
Professor of General and Applied Entomology
Department OASI, Mediterranean University
Reggio Calabria, Italy
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
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Website: www.cabi.org
© V. Vacante 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically,
by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission
of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vacante, Vincenzo.
Citrus mites : identifi cation, bionomy and control / Vincenzo Vacante.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84593-498-9 (alk. paper)
1. Citrus—Diseases and pests. 2. Mites. I. Title
SB608.C5V33 2010
634′.30496542–dc22
2009022588
ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 498 9
Typeset by AMA DataSet, Preston, UK.
Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group.
The paper used for the text pages in this book is FSC certifi ed.
The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote
responsible management of the world’s forests.
In memory of Carlo Vidano,
Master of Entomology and Ethics
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Contents
Preface x
Acknowledgements xiv
Part I Introduction
1 Citriculture and Injurious Mites 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Citriculture 3
1.2.1 Species and varieties cultivated 4
1.2.2 World production 7
1.2.3 Fruit exports 7
1.2.4 Juice production 8
1.3 Citrus Mites and Their Economic Importance 9
2 Introduction to Acari 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Morphology and Structure 11
2.2.1 Body division and external morphology 11
2.2.2 Gnathosoma 14
2.2.3 Idiosoma 16
2.2.4 Legs 16
2.3 Classifi cation 17
2.3.1 Higher classifi cation 17
2.3.2 Suborder Prostigmata 19
vii
viii Contents
3 Methods and Techniques 20
3.1 Collecting 20
3.1.1 Collecting from plants 20
3.1.2 Collecting in substrate 21
3.2 Preserving 21
3.3 Preparing 22
3.3.1 Clearing/maceration 22
3.3.2 Temporary mounts 22
3.3.3 Permanent mounts 23
3.4 Rearing 24
4 Plant Damage 25
4.1 Feeding Mechanisms 25
4.2 Feeding Symptoms 27
4.3 Plant Damage 28
4.3.1 Local damage 28
4.3.2 General alterations 30
5 Control 31
5.1 Chemical Control 33
5.2 Side Effects of Chemicals 33
5.3 Biological Control 35
5.4 Integrated Pest Management 36
Part II Citrus Mites
6 Key to the Identifi cation of Families, Subfamilies, Tribes,
Genera and Species 41
7 Phytoptidae Murray 55
7.1 Introduction 55
7.2 Morphological Characteristics and Systematic Outline 55
7.3 Phytoptinae Murray 56
8 Eriophyidae Nalepa 58
8.1 Introduction 58
8.2 Morphological Characteristics and Systematic Outline 58
8.3 Eriophyinae Nalepa 61
8.3.1 Aceriini Amrine et Stasny 61
8.4 Cecidophyinae Keifer 67
8.4.1 Colomerini Newkirk et Keifer 67
8.5 Nothopodinae Keifer 68
8.5.1 Nothopodini Keifer 68
8.6 Phyllocoptinae Nalepa 70
8.6.1 Anthocoptini Amrine et Stasny 70
8.6.2 Calacarini Amrine et Stasny 84
8.6.3 Phyllocoptini Nalepa 87
Contents ix
9 Diptilomiopidae Keifer 101
9.1 Introduction 101
9.2 Morphological Characteristics and Systematic Outline 101
9.3 Diptilomiopinae Keifer 102
10 Tarsonemidae Canestrini et Fanzago 104
10.1 Introduction 104
10.2 Morphological Characteristics and Systematic Outline 104
10.3 Pseudotarsonemoidinae Lindquist 107
10.3.1 Pseudotarsonemoidini Lindquist 107
11 Tenuipalpidae Berlese 113
11.1 Introduction 113
11.2 Morphological Characteristics and Systematic Outline 113
11.3 Brevipalpinae Mitrofanov 117
11.4 Tenuipalpinae Mitrofanov 155
12 Tuckerellidae Baker et Pritchard 163
12.1 Introduction 163
12.2 Morphological Characteristics and Systematic Outline 163
12.3 Tuckerella Womersley 166
13 Tetranychidae Donnadieu 172
13.1 Introduction 172
13.2 Morphological Characteristics and Systematic Outline 172
13.3 Bryobiinae Berlese 177
13.3.1 Bryobiini Reck 177
13.3.2 Hystrichonychini Pritchard et Baker 183
13.3.3 Petrobiini Reck 188
13.4 Tetranychinae Berlese 194
13.4.1 Tenuipalpoidini Pritchard et Baker 194
13.4.2 Eurytetranychini Reck 195
13.4.3 Tetranychini Reck 219
14 Conclusions 298
14.1 Systematics 298
14.2 Bio-ecology 299
14.3 Pest Status 299
14.4 Natural Enemies 300
14.5 Means of Control 301
14.6 Horticultural Practices 302
14.7 Prevention 302
14.8 Integrated Pest Management 303
References 305
Index 371
Preface
An exhaustive treatment of injurious mites associated with economic plants
gives rise to the necessity, according to the large number of species involved
and their particular bionomics, of an organic presentation divided into
systematic categories and individual crops. This would facilitate the presen-
tation of the subject and avoids the consolidated and reprehensible practice,
which tends to simplify, either for convenience or opportunism, the problem
of mites injurious to citrus in regard to the small number of traditionally
known species, legitimizing inappropriate phytoiatric choices on the basis of
decisions based on macroscopic examination and/or the colour of an organism
rather than on more scientifi c parameters (morphological, biological, etc.), to
the economic, toxicological and ecological detriment of the entire fi eld and
societies that directly or indirectly enter into a physical relationship with
farming and/or its products.
The present work is the result of this refl ection and aims to assess the
problem of injurious mites associated with citrus in the world. The work
basically consists of a bibliographical research of the phytophagous mites
recorded on citrus throughout the world, integrated with the author’s knowl-
edge. Various researchers (Quayle, 1938; Bodenheimer, 1951; Ebeling, 1959;
Chapot and Delucchi, 1964; Talhouk, 1975; Jeppson, 1978, 1989; Smith and
Peña, 2002) have briefl y dealt with the subject on both a regional and global
scale. The list of species associated with citrus in southern California pub-
lished by McGregor (1956) is well known, together with those of Muma
(1975) for Florida, Vacante et al. (1989) for the Mediterranean area and
Dhooria et al. (2005) for India. A more organic work was published by Jeppson
et al. (1975), who outlined a global picture of the problem of mites injurious
to different economic plants and illustrated with a wealth of details the case
of citrus. Recently, Gerson (2003) presented a list of species known for citrus
throughout the world. However, an updated work in the fi eld is required
that is able suitably to guide personnel (researchers, technicians and managers
x