Citizenship Policies in the New Europe: Expanded and Updated Edition (Amsterdam University Press - IMISCOE Research)

465 Pages·2010·1.93 MB·English

by  Rainer Baubock

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ser niversi press · .p.n Amsterdam Universit y Press
Citizenship Policies in the New Europe
IMISCOE
International Migration,Integration and Social Cohesion inEurope
The IMISCOE Network of Excellence unites over 500 researchers from
European institutes specialising in studies of international migration,
integration and social cohesion. The Network is funded by the Sixth
Framework Programme of the European Commission on Research,
Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-Based Society. Since its
foundation in 2004, IMISCOE has developed an integrated,
multidisciplinary and globally comparative research project led by
scholars from all branches of the economic and social sciences, the
humanities and law. The Network both furthers existing studies and
pioneers new research in migration as a discipline. Priority is also
given to promoting innovative lines of inquiry key to European
policymaking and governance.
The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series was createdto make
the Network’s findings and results available to researchers,
policymakers and practitioners, the media and other interested
stakeholders. High-quality manuscripts authored by IMISCOE
members and cooperating partners are published in one of four
distinct series.
IMISCOE Research advances sound empirical and theoretical
scholarship addressing themes within IMISCOE’s mandated fields
of study.
IMISCOEReportsdisseminatesNetworkpapersandpresentationsof
atime-sensitivenatureinbookform.
IMISCOE Dissertations presents select PhD monographs written by
IMISCOE doctoralcandidates.
IMISCOE Textbooks produces manuals, handbooks and other
didactictools for instructors and students of migrationstudies.
IMISCOE Policy Briefs and more information on the Network can be
found atwww.imiscoe.org.
Citizenship Policies in the
New Europe
Expanded and Updated Edition
edited by
Rainer Baubo¨ck
Bernhard Perchinig
Wiebke Sievers
IMISCOE Research
Cover design:StudioJan de Boer BNO,Amsterdam
Layout: The DocWorkers,Almere
ISBN 978 90 8964 108 3
e-ISBN 978 90 4850225 7
NUR 741 /763
©IMISCOE/Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2009
All rightsreserved. Withoutlimitingtherightsunder copyright
reserved above, nopart of thisbook may be reproduced, stored in or
introduced into a retrievalsystem, or transmitted, in anyform or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise) without thewrittenpermission of both thecopyright
owners and theauthors of thebook.
Contents
List of figuresand tables 11
Preface 15
Andre Liebich
Introduction: Altneuländer or thevicissitudes of citizenshipin the
new EU states 21
1 New states andold concerns, or why there is notmuch plural
citizenship in the Altneula¨nder 21
2 Old categories and new principles,or how ethnicityhas trumped
other grounds ofcitizenship 24
3 Old wrongs andnew rights,orhow to usecitizenshipto correct
history 31
4 Conclusion: The historical past, the ethnic presentand the
immigrant future 37
Annex: Constitutionalpreambles (extracts) 38
PART I RESTORED STATES
Priit Ja¨rve
1 Estonian citizenship: Betweenethnicpreferences and democratic
obligations 45
1.1 History ofEstonian nationality 45
1.2 Basic principles ofthe most importantcurrentmodes of
acquisition and loss ofnationality 50
1.3 Currentdebates on nationality 53
1.4 Statistics onacquisition ofnationality since 1992 58
1.5 Conclusions 60
Krist¯ıne Kru¯ma
2 Checks and balances in Latviannationality policies: National
agendasand internationalframeworks 67
2.1 History ofnationality policy 67
2.2 Basic principles forthe acquisition andloss ofnationality 74
2.3 Currentpolitical debates 80
2.4 Statistics 83
2.5 Conclusions 88
6 CITIZENSHIPPOLICIESINTHENEWEUROPE
Krist¯ıne Kru¯ma
3 Lithuanian nationality:Trump card to independence and its
currentchallenges 97
3.1 History ofnationality policy 97
3.2 Basic principles ofthe most importantcurrentmodes of
acquisition and loss ofnationality 106
3.3 Currentpolitical debates 112
3.4 Statistics 114
3.5 Conclusions 116
PART II STATES WITH HISTORIES OF SHIFTING BORDERS
Agata Go´rnyand Dorota Pudzianowska
4 Sameletter,new spirit:Nationality regulations and their
implementation inPoland 123
4.1 Polishnationality in historical perspective 124
4.2 Basic principles ofcurrentregulationsonPolishnationality 128
4.3 The unresolveddebate(1999-2001) 134
4.4 Acquisitions of Polish nationalityin figures 136
4.5 Conclusions 141
Ma´riaM. Kova´csand Judit To´th
5 Kin-stateresponsibility andethniccitizenship:TheHungarian
case 151
5.1 History ofHungarian policieson nationality since 1945 152
5.2 Currentnationalitylegislation 154
5.3 Currentpolitical debates on(dual) citizenship 158
5.4 Trends in statistics 165
5.5 Conclusions 169
Constantin Iordachi
6 Politicsofcitizenshipin post-communist Romania:
Legal traditions, restitution ofnationality and multiple
memberships 177
6.1 History ofRomanian nationality 178
6.2 Democratic transformation: Currentregulations on ascription,
acquisition and loss ofnationality 184
6.3 Currentpolitical debates 191
6.4 Statistics ontherestitution of nationality 198
6.5 (Re)constructingnationality in post-communist Romania:
Comparative perspectives 200
CONTENTS 7
Daniel Smilovand Elena Jileva
7 The politics of Bulgarian citizenship: National identity, democracy
and other uses 211
7.1 History 212
7.2 Currentcitizenshiprules and practices 220
7.3 Currentpolitical debates 226
7.4 Currentstatisticaltrends 235
7.5 Conclusions 238
PART III POST-PARTITION STATES
Andrea Barsˇova´
8 Czech citizenshiplegislationbetweenpastandfuture 249
8.1 History ofCzechoslovakcitizenshippolicies 249
8.2 Basic principles ofacquisition and loss of Czech citizenship 254
8.3 Currentpolitical debates 258
8.4 Statistics 261
8.5 Conclusions 263
Dagmar Kusa´
9 The Slovak question andthe Slovak answer:Citizenship during
thequestfor national self-determinationand after 275
9.1 History ofSlovakcitizenship 276
9.2 Currentregulationsof acquisition andloss ofSlovak
citizenship 284
9.3 Currentpolitical debates and reform plans 289
9.4 Statistical trends (acquisition of Slovak citizenship since
1993) 294
9.5 Conclusions 296
FelicitaMedved
10 Fromcivictoethniccommunity? Theevolution of Slovenian
citizenship 305
10.1 History ofcitizenshippolicies 305
10.2 Basic principles ofacquisition and loss of Slovenian
citizenship 313
10.3 Currentpolitical debates 320
10.4 Statistics 323
10.5 Conclusions 325
10.6 Epilogue 327
8 CITIZENSHIPPOLICIESINTHENEWEUROPE
Francesco Ragazziand Igor Sˇtiks
11 Croatian citizenship: From ethnicengineering to
inclusiveness 339
11.1 The history of citizenship policy in Croatiasince 1945 340
11.2 Acquisition and loss ofCroatian citizenship: Currentlegal
provisions 347
11.3 Currentpolitical debates and planned changes 352
11.4 Statistical developments 353
11.5 Conclusions 355
PART IV MEDITERRANEAN POST-IMPERIAL STATES
Eugene Buttigieg
12 Malta’scitizenship law:Evolutionand current regime 367
12.1 Historical background 367
12.2 Currentmodes ofacquisition andloss of citizenship 373
12.3 Statistical developments 379
12.4 Recentreforms 381
12.5 Conclusions 383
Nicos Trimikliniotis
13 Nationality and citizenshipin Cyprus since 1945:
Communal citizenship, gendered nationalityand theadventures
of apost-colonialsubject in a dividedcountry 389
13.1 History ofnationality policy since 1945 390
13.2 Modes of acquisition andloss ofcitizenship 397
13.3 Currentdebates:Thechallengesof gender equality, migration,
Europeanisation and reunification 405
13.4 Statistical developmentssince 1985: The ‘politics of numbers’ and
the‘numbers game’ 408
13.5 Conclusions 409
Zeynep Kadirbeyoglu
14 Changingconceptions of citizenshipin Turkey 419
14.1 History ofTurkishcitizenshiplaw 419
14.2 Modes of acquisition andloss ofTurkishcitizenship 426
14.3 Statistics 428
14.4 Conclusions 431
14.5 Epilogue 432
CONTENTS 9
Wiebke Sievers
‘Acall to kinship’?Citizenship andmigration in thenew Member
States and theaccession countries oftheEU 439
1 Excludinglong-termresidentsand their descendants:Initial
determination of citizenshipin Estonia, Latvia,Sloveniaand
Croatia 440
2 Reachingout to emigrants and expatriates:Restitution laws, dual
nationality andstatus laws 446
3 Excludingrecent immigrants: Naturalisation requirements 452
4 Conclusions 455
List of contributors 459