Table Of Contentfrom Routledge
Citizen Participation
in Global Environmental
Governance
Edited by Mikko Rask, Richard Worthington, Minna Lammi
Citizen Participation in
Global Environmental Governance
This page intentionally left blank
Citizen Participation in Global
Environmental Governance
Edited by
Mikko Rask, Richard Worthington,
Minna Lammi
from Routledge
First published 2012
by Earthscan
2 Park Square. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Earthscan
711 Third Avenue, New York. NY 10017
Earthscaii is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
©2012 Mikko Rask, Richard Worthington, Minna Lammi
The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors
for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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sion in writing from the publishers.
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are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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ISBN: 978-1-84971-378-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-84971-379-5 (pbk)
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Contents
List of figures, tables and boxes
List of contributors
Preface
List of acronyms and abbreviations
PART I — INTRODUCTION
1 Towards a New Concept of Global Governance
Mikko Rask and Richard Worthington
2 The Story of WWViews
Bj0rn Bedsted, S0ren Gram and Lars Kliiver
PART II — UNDERSTANDING THE TREND OF
INTERNATIONAL DELIBERATION
3 The Creation of a Global Voice for Citizens: The Case of Denmark
Annika Agger, Erling Jels0e, Birgit Ja;ger and Louise Phillips
4 Crossing Boundaries with Deliberation: But Where Are We Going?
Edward Andersson and Thea Shahrokh
PART III — EVALUATING THE WWVIEWS
PROCESS AND RESULTS
5 Deliberating or Voting? Results of the Process Evaluation of
German WWViews
Riidiger Goldschmidt, Leonhard Hennen, Martin Knapp,
Christiane Quendt, Nadine Brachatzek and Ortwin Renn
6 Reflecting a Citizen Consultation Project from a Technology
Assessment Perspective: The Case of Austria
Ulrike Bechtold, Michael Ornetzeder and Mahshid Sotoudeh
vi Citizen Participation in Global Environmental Governance
1 Consumerism and Citizenship in the Context of Climate Change 123
Minna Lammi, Petteri Repo and Paivi Timonen
PART IV — DISCUSSING CULTURAL VARIATION AND
LOCAL ENGAGEMENT OF EXPERTISE
8 Representativeness and the Politics of Inclusion: Insights from
WWViews Canada 139
Gwendolyn Blue, Jennifer Medlock and Edna Einsiedel
9 WWViews in the Global South: Evidence from India 153
Ravtosh Bal
10 Linking Citizen Participation and Education in Sciences:
The Case of Uruguay 172
Isabel Bortagaray, Mania Lázaro and Ana Vasquez Herrera
11 Adapting Citizen Consultation in a Small Island Context:
The Case of Saint Lucia 185
Karetta Crooks Charles, Jacqueline Pomeroy and Richard Worthington
PART V — STUDYING POLICY AND MEDIA IMPACTS
12 WWViews and Lobbying in Finnish Climate Politics 203
Mikko Rask and Maarit Laihonen
13 Political Influence in the Context of Australian WWViews 221
Jade Herriman, Stuart White and Alison Atherton
14 Seeking the Spotlight: WWViews and the US Media Context 241
Jen Schneider and Jason Delborne
PART VI — CONCLUSIONS
15 Deliberative Global Governance: Next Steps in an Emerging Practice 263
Richard Worthington, Mikko Rask and Birgit Ja;ger
Appendix Comparison of International Deliberations 287
Index 294
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
Figures
1.1 Characteristics of WWViews and issues for global deliberative
democracy 11
2.1 Welcome to WWViews Day 35
2.2 Information videos 35
2.3 Deliberation in groups 35
2.4 Voting after each thematic session 35
2.5 New deliberations 36
2.6 Writing recommendations to COP 15 36
2.7 Goodbye and thank you for participating 36
3.1 The WWViews deliberations in Denmark 56
3.2 Deliberations at the tables 59
3.3 The Danish Minister of Climate and Energy, Connie Hedegaard,
at the Danish WWViews event 63
5.1 Participant political engagement and social networks, N>64 (pre-survey) 93
5.2 Participants’ motivation to attend the WWViews event, N>66 (pre-survey) 94
5.3 Participants’ interest in the topic of climate change, N>65 (pre-survey) 95
5.4 Attitudes to climate change, N>65 (pre-survey) 96
5.5 Participant ratings of process quality, mostly N>78 (main survey) 97
5.6 Participant ratings of results quality, N>76 (main survey) 98
14.1 World newspaper coverage of climate change or global warming
2004-2010 245
14.2 Fifty-live outlets (internet, print, radio, television) monitored by
journalism.org and compiled into an interactive map 246
15.1 Ideas for developing future transnational deliberations 272
15.2 Organization and management 273
15.3 Institutional cooperation 275
15.4 Methodological refinement 276
15.5 Reconfiguring the deliberative elements 279
15.6 Dimensions for reconfiguring the deliberation model 280
Citizen Participation in Global Environmental Governance
Tables
1.1 Number of participants per WWViews site and country 6
4.1 The development of cross-boundary large-scale deliberation, 2006-2009 77
11.1 Dimensions of climate change impacts in small island states 187
11.2 Percentage of respondents favouring strictest emissions reduction targets 193
12.1 Six concepts of stakeholder and citizen involvement 210
13.1 Risks and opportunities of government vs independent deliberations 225
13.2 Direct political engagement: Summary of effort and response 227
Boxes
1.1 Main policy recommendations of WWViews 9
2.1 Programme for 26 September 2009 30
2.2 WWViews Alliance 30
2.3 Main steps in the WWViews consultation 35
6.1 The three top-ranked recommendations of WWViews Austria 112
List of Contributors
Annika Agger, PhD, is associate professor of Citizen Participation in the Department
of Society and Globalisation, Roskilde University, Denmark. She is currently involved
in research projects on new forms of local democracy and public deliberation in the
context of urban and environmental planning.
Edward Andersson is the deputy director of Involve (UK) and an expert in participa
tory methods. He has advised a number of organizations on public engagement strate
gies, including the European Commission and the OECD. He is a certified facilitator,
and studied citizen engagement strategies with complex multilevel technical and politi
cal debates.
Alison Atherton is a research principal at the Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF)
at the University of Technology, Sydney. She has a background in social sciences and
worked with leading Australian organizations on sustainability policies and environ
mental management systems. At ISF she has worked on several projects related to
sustainability strategies and future scenarios. She managed the Australian WWViews
process.
Ravtosh Bal is a PhD candidate in the joint PhD program in public policy at Georgia
Institute of Technology and Georgia State University. Her research interests are par
ticipatory technology assessment and public participation in policy-making. She holds
MA and MPhil degrees in sociology from the University of Delhi and has worked in the
Government of India as a member of the central civil service.
Ulrike Bechtold is a doctor in human ecology and researcher at the Institute of
Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Her research interests
are in sustainability policies and participative approaches in the study of interaction
between technology, human beings and natural resources. She is also a lecturer at the
University of Vienna.
Bjorn Bedsted has been working as a project manager with the Danish Board of
Technology (DBT) since 2004 after finishing his MA in social anthropology. At DBT
he has made technology assessments in various fields, such as IT security, GM, the
patent system and climate issues, often using a variety of citizen participation methods
developed at DBT. He was global coordinator of the WWViews project.
