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169
I.C6
H46
1999
Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats
Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats
The Development of Medieval
Chinese Cityscapes
HENG CHYE KIANG
School of Architecture
Faculty of Architecture, Building and Real Estate
National University of Singapore
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I PRESS
HONOLULU
© 1999 SINGAPORE UNIVERSITY PRESS
All Rights Reserved
Published in North America by
University of Hawai’i Press
2840 Kolowalu Street
Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822
First Published in Singapore by
Singapore University Press
Yusof Ishak House
National University of Singapore
31 Lower Kent Ridge Road
Singapore 119078
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Heng, Chye Kiang, 1958-
Cities of aristocrats and bureaucrats: The development of medieval Chinese city scapes/
Heng Chye Kiang.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8248-1982-9 (alk, paper)
1. City planning - China - History. 2. Cities and towns, Medieval - China - History.
3. Urbanization - China - History. 4. China - History - T’ ang dynasty, 618-907.
5. China - History - Sung dynasty, 960-1279. I. Title.
HT169, C6H46 1999
307.76’0951 ’0902 - dc21 99-20299
CIP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR ILLUSTRATIONS: Sources of photographs and images illustrated, in
addition to those mentioned in the captions, are listed below. Those figures not mentioned here were produced
exclusively for this publication. Most line drawings were redrawn to improve their quality during
reproduction.
Ancient Chinese Architecture 2,12, 78 — Balazs 66 — Beijing Palace Museum 26,27, 29, 30, 32, 54, 56,
57,58,59,60,76 — Freer Gallery, Washington 63, 80, 81 — Fu Xinian 31,33,34,35,37,44a — Hiraoka
Takeo 17 — Jingding jiankang zhi 42 — Kaogu, no. 6 (1978) 19 — Liaoning Museum 47 — Ma Chongxin
68 — Palace Museum, Taiwan 62 — Qianlong jingcheng tu 73, 74,75 — Sanlitu 3 — Shanghai Museum
64,79 — Shilin guangji 48 — Soper 61 —Wallacker 69,70,71 — Shou cheng lu zhushi 43,44 — Suzhou,
Wenmiao 1,20,50,53,55,77 —Wu Liangyong 7,22 — Xiao Mo 13,21,41 —Zhongguo kaogu lunchong
24 — Zou Zongxu 8 — Xianchun Lin’an zhi and Qiandao Lin’an zhi 38,40 — Zhongguo gudai ditu ji 16
Cover illustration: Detail from the Song period handscroll qingming shanghe tu, Palace Museum, Beijing.
Printed in Singapore
To my Parents
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Selected Dynasties and Rulers
Dynasty Periods of Ancient China
Introduction
1. The Tang City
2. The Transition
3. Attempted Return To Urban Control
4. The Song City scape
5. The Open City
6. A New Urban Paradigm
Selected Bibliography
Western Languages
Chinese and Japanese Languages
Index
Acknowledgements
Writing this book has been a long protracted affair. In the process, I owe much to
many people.
First of all, I am indebted to the late Professor Spiro Kostof for stimulating my
interest in the history of cities and for his suggestion of Chinese medieval cities as
a subject for my research at the University of California at Berkeley. I also owe much
to Professor Dell Upton, who supervised my work, for his continued guidance and
critical comments not only during my stay at Berkeley but also throughout my
academic career in Singapore. I am grateful also to Professors James Cahill, Stephen
West and David Johnson for their assistance and encouragement and for the long
hours of discussion.
I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Wu Liangyong who gave
me invaluable advice and support during my sojourn at the School of Architecture,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, and whose assistance eased my research in China
greatly. I would also like to thank the late Ge Yuanqia, Guo Daiheng, Mao Qizhi, Sun
Fengqi, Xu Bo’an, Zhao Bingshi, Zuo Chuan, and the librarians who assisted me
during my stay at Tsinghua. I must also thank the many individuals who during my
fieldtrips to the various towns and cities offered help when it was most needed: Fu
Xinian, and Shan Guoqiang (Beijing); Gui Zhiyuan, Huang Yuangang, and Zhao
Liying (Xi’an); Li Guo’en, Xiao Chuntao, Zhong Jian (Luoyang); Chang Jiang, Wu
Kongfan, Xu Boyong, and Zhou Baozhu (Kaifeng); Sun Dongjia (Hangzhou); Li
Boxian (Yangzhou); Liao Zhihao, Xu Minsu, and Yu Shengfang (Suzhou); Liang
Baiquan (Nanjing); and Wang Qingzheng (Shanghai).
I am also grateful to Ooi Bee Leng who read the initial drafts, provided valuable
comments, listened to my grouses and encouraged me. Thanks must also go to the
following for their assistance: Chan Shur Haur for reproducing the line drawings,
Wee Hiang Koon and Eunice Seng for preparing the index, Teo Nam Siang for laying
out the pages, Aw Meng How for designing the cover and setting up the charts,
Vivienne Chan for ensuring consistency of style in the footnotes and bibliography
and Gan Ser Min for proof reading and overall coordination of the manuscript. Any
shortcomings and failings in this book, however, remain that of the author.
Finally, the conduct of this study was made possible thanks to a generous
scholarship from the National University of Singapore and a grant from the Pacific
Cultural Foundation.
viii
LIST OF SELECTED DYNASTIES AND RULERS
Dynasty Name Emperor J.'f' Reign Period
Imperial Title Name
Gaozu rSjj-B- Li Yuan 618-627
Taizong Li Shimin 627 - 649
Tang Period
Gaozong % % Li Zhi 649 - 684
J* Zhongzong 17 % Li Zhe # # 684 - 685
(618 A.D. - 907 A.D.)
Ruizong t-?r- Li Dan # 2- 685 - 690
Wuhou "Kfe Wu Zhao ^5, I! 690 - 712
Xuanzong Li Longji 712-755
Suzong * % Li Heng ^ 7 756-762
Daizong IK* Li Yu 763 - 779
Dezong -tt % Li Kuo 779-804
Shunzong M Li Song 805 - 805
Xianzong % ir- Li Chun 806 - 820
Muzong # % Li Heng ^'IS- 821 - 824
Jingzong fk.% Li Zhan 825 - 826
Wenzong Li Ang # ^ 827 - 840
Wuzong 5^ % Li Yan 841 - 847
Xuanzong 4 % Li Chen 847 - 860
Yizong Is % Li Cui ^ 'S. 860-874
Xizong i$- % Li Xuan 874-888
Zhaozong 03 % Li Ye 889 - 906
Taizu iliS. Zhao Kuangyin M HJlL 960-975
Taizong iv % Zhao Guangyi 976-997
Northern Song
% %
Zhenzong Zhao Heng &‘l2- 998 -1023
Period
Renzong 'f— % Zhao Zhen 1023 -1064
dbfc
%
Yingzong Zhao Shu 1064-1068
(960 A.D. - 1127 A.D.) Shenzong # W- Zhao Xu 1068 -1086
W-
Zhezong Zhao Xu feSfc 1086-1101
Huizong Hi % Zhao Ji fe'f# 1101-1126
ik.%
Qinzong Zhao Huan 1126-1127
%
Gaozong Si Zhao Gou M. $3 1127-1163
Xiaozong # ^ Zhao Shen 1163-1190
Southern Song
Guangzong Zhao Dun 1190-1195
Period
Ningzong 'f& Zhao Kuo 1195-1225
Lizong 3§-W- Zhao Yun 1225 -1265
(1127 A.D. - 1279 A.D.)
Duzong JjL % Zhao Qi 1265 -1274
Gongdi -S-'fr Zhao Xian M. fi 1275 - 1276
Ruizong % Zhao Shi & R 1276-1278
Dibing 'frM Zhao Bing & H 1278 - 1279
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