Table Of ContentPengfei Ni · Marco Kamiya
Ruxi Ding
Cities Network
Along the Silk
Road
The Global Urban Competitiveness
Report 2017
Cities Network Along the Silk Road
Pengfei Ni Marco Kamiya
(cid:129)
Ruxi Ding
Cities Network Along
the Silk Road
The Global Urban Competitiveness
Report 2017
123
PengfeiNi RuxiDing
Centerfor City andCompetitiveness Schoolof Economics, Southwestern
ChineseAcademy of Social Sciences University of FinanceandEconomics
Beijing National Academy of Economic Strategy,
China CASS
Beijing
MarcoKamiya China
Urban EconomyandFinance Branch
UNHabitat
Nairobi
Kenya
ISBN978-981-10-4833-3 ISBN978-981-10-4834-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4834-0
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Group Members
Advisory Committee
Wang Weiguang (President, CASS)
Joan Clos (Executive Director, UN-HABITAT)
Gao Peiyong (Director of Institute of Economic, CASS)
He Dexu (Director of National Academy of Economic Strategy, CASS)
Fan Gang (Vice President of China Society of Economic Reform, Director of
Institute of the Chinese Economy)
Saskia Sassen (Professor of Columbia University, USA)
Peter Taylor (Academician of UK Royal Academy of Social Science, Director of
Globalization and World Cities Research Network)
Authors
Pengfei Ni (Professor and Director of the Center for City and Competitiveness,
CASS)
Marco Kamiya (Coordinator of Urban Economy and Finance Branch,
UN-HABITAT)
Ding Ruxi (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and
Economics; National Academy of Economic Strategy, CASS)
Peter Karl Kresl (Bucknell University, USA)
KathyPain(ProfessoratCenterforRealEstate&PlanningResearchUniversityof
Reading)
Ronald Wall (Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, Erasmus
University Rotterdam, Netherlands)
Pedro B. Ortiz (Milano Politecnico University, Italy, and Senior World Bank
Consultant)
ShuaiShi(RealEstate&Planning,HenleyBusinessSchool,UniversityofReading,
UK)
Wang Yufei (School of Economics, Beijing University of Posts and
Telecommunications; National Academy of Economic Strategy, CASS)
Zhang Anquan (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and
Economics)
v
vi GroupMembers
Wei Jie (School of Economics and Management, Northwest University)
Guo Han (School of Economics and Management, Northwest University)
Zhou Xiaobo (Postdoctoral Research Station of Agricultural Bank of China &
University of International Business and Economics)
Tang Yu’e (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and
Economics)
Yang Jie (Center for City and Competitiveness, CASS)
Members of Editorial Board (Research Group for Global Urban
Competitiveness)
Richard Legates (Professor at San Francisco State University)
David Maurrasse (Professor at Columbia University)
Dong-Sung Cho (Professor at Seoul National University)
Jaime Sobrino (Professor at El Colegio de Mexico)
Guido Ferrari (Professor at Università degli Studi di Firenze)
KathyPain(ProfessoratCenterforRealEstate&PlanningResearchUniversityof
Reading)
Peter J. Brain (Director of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization, Australia)
Francois Gipouloux (Director of Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
Harold Wolman (Professor at George Washington University)
StefanoMollica(PresidentofAssociazioneItalianaIncontrieStudisulloSviluppo
Locale)
Berg Van den Leo (Professor at Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Shen Jianfa (Professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong)
Zhang Ming (Lead urban economist at the World Bank)
Shen Wei (Associate professor at ESSCA Ecole de Management)
Pengfei Ni (Professor, and Director of the Center for City and Competitiveness,
CASS)
Banji Oyelaran Oyeyinka (Director of Regional Office for Africa, ROAf,
UN-HABITAT)
Global Urban Competitiveness Assessment Team
Team leaders, Chief Urban Economist
Pengfei Ni (Director of the Center for City and Competitiveness, CASS)
Marco Kamiya (Coordinator of Urban Economy and Finance Branch,
UN-HABITAT)
Team members
Ding Ruxi (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and
Economics; National Academy of Economic Strategy, CASS)
GroupMembers vii
Tang Yu’e (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and
Economics)
Wang Yufei (School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts
and Telecommunications; National Academy of Economic Strategy, CASS)
Zhou Xiaobo (Postdoctoral Research Station of Agricultural Bank of China &
University of International Business and Economics)
Zhang Anquan (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and
Economics)
Wei Jie (School of Economics and Management, Northwest University)
Guo Han (School of Economics and Management, Northwest University)
Yang Jie (Center for City and Competitiveness, CASS)
Yiyang Chenzi (Natural Resources Defense Council)
Huang Jin (Research Center for Urban Competitiveness, CASS)
Li Chao (National Academy of Economic Strategy, CASS)
Liu Shangchao (Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Cai Shaopeng (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and
Economics)
Yang Xiaolan (School of Economics, Central University of Finance and
Economics)
Zhang Yangzi (Graduate School, CASS)
Liu Xiaonan (Graduate School, CASS)
Shen Li (Graduate School, CASS)
Data collection (in random order)
Wang Huan (Center for Cityand Competitiveness,CASS),Huang Qiwen (Central
University of Finance and Economics), Hu Yang (Central University of Finance
and Economics), Wang Yan (Central University of Finance and Economics), Han
Xiaohong (Central University of Finance and Economics), Yan Junwei (Central
UniversityofFinanceandEconomics),ZhouLinan(CentralUniversityofFinance
andEconomics),GuoKe(ChinaUniversityofGeosciences),XuWenying(Peking
University Health Science Center), Zou Tao (Ocean University of China), Zhao
Yun(BeijingForeignStudiesUniversity),ZhangHai(NanjingNormalUniversity),
Liu Zheng (Henan University), Hua Fengyi (Tianjin Normal University), Li
Xiaojiang(SouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomics),YangXu(Nankai
University), Wu Zefang (Nankai University), Zhu Yaping (University of Science
andTechnologyofChina),ZangAngang(UniversityofScienceandTechnologyof
China), Wang Menghan (University of Science and Technology of China), Wang
Ying (University of Science and Technology of China), Xu Wenxin (Graduate
School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Huang Jing (Graduate School of
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Li Xian (Nanjing Normal University),
Kuang Chenhui (University of Science and Technology of China), Gao Meng
(NanjingNormalUniversity),FanChunli(UniversityofScienceandTechnologyof
China), Qin Rui (Southwest Nuclear and Radiation Safety Surveillance Station,
Ministry of Environmental Protection), Su Chao (Nanjing Normal University), Hu
Jiawei (Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics), Cui Yilun (Renmin
viii GroupMembers
University of China), Cheng Xia (Renmin University of China), Guo Xinwei
(BeijingForeignStudiesUniversity),PengJie(BeijingForeignStudiesUniversity),
Mi Lan (Beijing Foreign Studies University), Zhang Yu (Beijing Foreign Studies
University),WangDi(BeijingForeignStudiesUniversity),LiLingshuang(Beijing
Foreign Studies University), Song Chanjing (Beijing Foreign Studies University),
Wei Wei (Beijing Foreign Studies University), Yuan Fei (Beijing Foreign Studies
University), Lu Yuanye (Beijing Foreign Studies University), Deng Jialai (Beijing
ForeignStudiesUniversity), Zhu Yanyan(Beijing Foreign Studies University), Tu
Chang(Beijing ForeignStudiesUniversity),LiuHuizhen (Beijing ForeignStudies
University), Bi Wenhui (Beijing Foreign Studies University), Mei Bin (Beijing
Foreign Studies University), Zhu Shangwen (University of International Business
andEconomics),ZhuSunan(UniversityofInternationalBusinessandEconomics),
Zhou Bowen (Beijing Language and Culture University), Wang Yiran (Beijing
Language and Culture University), Li Hengguang (Beijing Language and Culture
University), Li Zheng (Beijing Foreign Studies University), Jiang Wei (Beijing
Language and Culture University), Zhang Zijiao (Beijing Language and Culture
University), Zhang Qi (Beijing Language and Culture University), Li Chen
(Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Wu Qian (Graduate
SchoolofChineseAcademyofSocialSciences),MengRuiqia(GraduateSchoolof
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Li Yuan (Graduate School of Chinese
Academy of Social Sciences), Cui Jing (Graduate School of Chinese Academy of
Social Sciences), Mei Xiaomeng (Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social
Sciences), Yang Luojun (Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social
Sciences), Wang Haicheng (Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social
Sciences),WuHao(GraduateSchoolofChineseAcademyofSocialSciences),Shi
Junnan (Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Cao Longbiao
(Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Si Yanan (Graduate
School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Yu Ze (Graduate School of
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Shi Xiaofei (Graduate School of Chinese
Academy of Social Sciences), Li Yilan (Graduate School of Chinese Academy of
SocialSciences),ShiYi(GraduateSchoolofChineseAcademyofSocialSciences)
Contents
Part I General Analysis
1 Global Urban Competitiveness Index: Annual Ranking .. ..... .. 3
2 Global Urban Competitiveness: Theoretical Framework.. ..... .. 15
2.1 Introduction .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 15
2.2 Determining Mechanism ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 16
2.2.1 Determining the Competitiveness of a Single City.. .. 17
2.2.2 Global Comparison of Urban Competitiveness..... .. 18
2.2.3 Changes in Global Competitiveness and Patterns... .. 18
2.3 Conceptual Framework .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 19
2.4 Indicator System .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 20
2.5 Research Methodology..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 20
2.5.1 Definition of a City. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 20
2.5.2 Sample Cities ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 22
2.5.3 Data Sources. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 23
2.6 Evaluation Method... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 24
2.7 Special Notes... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 26
References .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 27
3 Global Urban Competitiveness: General Analysis ... .... ..... .. 31
3.1 Overall Situation: Rapid Rise of Asian Cities and a Tripod
Pattern of Europe, America and Asia.. .... .... .... ..... .. 31
3.1.1 Asia: Most Cities are Low in Ranking, with a Small
Number Among the Top in the World .. .... ..... .. 35
3.1.2 Europe: Small Gap Between Advanced Cities,
with Russian Cities Lagging far Behind. .... ..... .. 37
ix
x Contents
3.1.3 North America: US Cities Clearly in the Lead,
with Small Gaps Within the Region.... .... ..... .. 40
3.1.4 Oceania, South America and Africa: Oceania Ahead
of the Pack in Southern Hemisphere and South
American Cities Fare Slightly Better than African
Cities .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 43
3.2 Relationship Between Economic Development and Urban
Competitiveness. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 45
3.3 Urban Competitiveness is a Composite of Economic Scale
and Density .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 48
4 Global Urban Competitiveness: Comparative Analysis
from Different Perspectives ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 51
4.1 Comparison of the Top 100. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 51
4.2 Regional Perspective: Top 20 Cities in Asia .... .... ..... .. 54
4.3 China versus the United States: Top 10 Cities... .... ..... .. 56
4.4 Political Centers: Competitiveness of Capital Cities... ..... .. 60
5 Global Urban Competitiveness: Comparative Analysis
of Level-2 Indicators.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 65
5.1 Company Strength... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 65
5.1.1 Summary of Company Strength Index .. .... ..... .. 65
5.1.2 Forbes Global 2000 .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 69
5.2 Local Demand .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 73
5.2.1 Summary of Local Demand Index . .... .... ..... .. 73
5.2.2 Economic Scale ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 77
5.3 Local Elements . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 81
5.3.1 Summary of Local Elements Index. .... .... ..... .. 82
5.3.2 Patent Index . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 83
5.4 Hardware Environment .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 88
5.4.1 Summary of Hardware Environment Index... ..... .. 89
5.4.2 PM2.5 Index. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 91
5.5 Software Environment ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 97
5.5.1 Summary of Software Environment Index ... ..... .. 97
5.5.2 Crime Rate Index.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 99
5.6 Global Connection... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 103
5.6.1 Summary of Global Connection Index .. .... ..... .. 103
5.6.2 Airline Index. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 106
Part II Topic Report Cities Network Along the Silk Road
6 Analytical Framework .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 113
6.1 Defining the Silk Road..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 113
6.2 Analytical Framework ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 116
6.2.1 Dimensional Analysis: Cities Network .. .... ..... .. 116
6.2.2 Supporting Factors: Hardware and Software.. ..... .. 118
