Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion: Discourses, Realities and Implementation

309 Pages·2008·6.14 MB·English

by  Peter Ache

Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion
The GeoJournal Library
Volume93
ManagingEditor: DanielZ.Sui,CollegeStation,USA
FoundingSeriesEditor:
WolfTietze,Helmstedt,Germany
EditorialBoard: PaulClaval,France
YehudaGradus,Israel
SamOckPark,SouthKorea
HermanvanderWusten,TheNetherlands
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedattheendofthisvolume.
Cities between Competitiveness
and Cohesion
Discourses, Realities and Implementation
Editedby
PETER ACHE
HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Helsinki,Finland
HANS THOR ANDERSEN
UniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark
THOMAS MALOUTAS
UniversityofThessaly,Volos,Greece
MIKE RACO
King’sCollegeLondon,UK
TUNA TAS¸AN-KOK
DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,TheNetherlands
123
Editors
Prof.PeterAche Prof.HansThorAndersen
UniversityofTechnology UniversityofCopenhagen
UrbanStudiesNetworkand DepartmentofGeography
CentreforUrbanandRegionalStudies ØsterVoldgade10
POBox9300 1350Copenhagen
FI-02015Helsinki Denmark
Finland [email protected]
peter.ache@tkk.fi
Dr.MikeRaco
Prof.ThomasMaloutas King’sCollegeLondon
NationalCentreforSocial DepartmentofGeography
Research Strand
InstituteofUrban&Rural London
Sociology UnitedKingdomWC2R2LS
14-18MesogionStreet [email protected]
11527Athens
Greece
[email protected]
Dr.TunaTas¸an-Kok
DelftUniversityofTechnology
OTBResearchInstitutefor
Housing
UrbanandMobilityStudies
2600GADelft
Netherlands
[email protected]
ISBN:978-1-4020-8240-5 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8241-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008925134
(cid:2)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted
inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording
orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception
ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered
andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
Printedonacid-freepaper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
Preface
Europeancitieshavefordecadesfoundthemselvesinaphaseofimportantchanges.
Concomitantly multi-level and multi-actor policy processes have unfolded in the
EU. Sub-national governments are facing new challenges as their manufacturing
industrywithersaway,stillmoreresponsibilityformatchingtheglobalisationchal-
lenges such as welfare, employment and general social improvements are trans-
ferredfromnationaltosub-nationallevels.Thisraisesspecificgovernanceproblems
forcityregionsintheirattempttomeetthedemandfromtheemergingknowledge-
basedsociety.Yet,nocityorcityregionexistsinavacuum;theyareallembedded
in national settings with specific structures and traditions as well as different per-
ceptions of challenges, needs and solutions. It appears that a general, neoliberal
discourse has conquered the political agenda during the last one or two decades:
That economic regeneration requires increasing competitiveness achieved by en-
forcedstressonknowledgeintensiveindustries,whichitselfneedsmoreandbetter
education.However,theimplementationofsuchastrategyhasmanyformsandthe
realitiesareoftenquiteastepfromtheintendedoutcome.
Duringthelastthreeyears,agroupofaboutfortypeoplehasmetregularlyacross
EuropetodeveloptheideasasoriginallypresentedintheMemorandumofUnder-
standing, setting the agenda for the analysis of preconditions, strategies and out-
comesamongdifferentcitiesintheirefforttoreconcilewelfareandgrowth.Inthis
spanoftime,theCostAction26hasheldmeetingsandworkshopsinAmsterdam,
Antwerp, Brussels,Copenhagen, Dortmund, Ljubljana, Malta, Manchester, Turko,
ViennaandUrbinobesidesseveralsmaller,butalsoimportantmeetings.Adozenof
youngscholarshavebenefitedfromthegenerousprogramforShortTermScientific
Missions and thus has further added to an exchange of knowledge across Europe
and opened up for an understanding of the benefits in comparative analysis in a
Europeancontext,whichisanimportantaimoftheCOSTprogramme.TheCOST
secretariatinBrusselshasdemonstratedpatience,understandingandamuchneeded
helpfulnessindifficultsituationsandthusfacilitatedEuropeancooperation.
Thisbookpresentstheresultsof‘WorkingGroup2–EntrepreneurialCitiesbe-
tween Growth and Welfare’ of COST A26. It seems almost ancient history, when
PeterAcheagreedtotakeontheresponsibilityforWG2ofCOSTA26inBrussels
threeyearsago.WithourfirstofficialworkinggroupmeetingonMaltain2004we
started a long discussion of the various aspects related to ‘entrepreneurialism’ of
v
vi Preface
cities, the framework changes leading to such strategies, and ultimately the ques-
tion of reconciling growth with welfare, or in other words competitiveness with
cohesion.Workingoverthreeyearswithagroupofdistinguishedresearchersfrom
thirteendifferentcountrieswithalmostasmanydifferentdisciplinarybackgrounds
isquiteachallengingtask.Overthatperiod,wegainedmanyinsightsinconceptual
termsbutalsointermsoftheappliedpoliciesorstrategiesunderwayinthevarious
cities which constitute our sample. It is a particular pleasure to present now these
experiencesandexamples,fromIstanbultoSalo,fromMaribortoLondon.Suffice
tosay,thatthispresentsonlyafractionofalltheworkwhichhasbeendone.
PeterAchewouldliketothankhiscolleaguesinWG2forthisworkingexperi-
ence.Overalltheybehaved‘well’–thoughitwasnotalwayseasytokeeptosched-
ules, agendas, themes, and agreements. But in an approach of ‘controlled laissez-
faire’ all managed to get along with each other, to even become friends, and to
finallypresentthisvolumeentitled‘CitiesbetweenCompetitivenessandCohesion:
Discourses,RealitiesandImplementation’.
We both would also like to thank all the about forty colleagues who over that
period worked in our action and provided their insights and knowledge. Our par-
ticular thanks however go to David Gronbaek and his colleague Jie Zhu from the
COSTofficethatgreatlysupportedtheworkofourgroupandthedevelopment of
thispublication.
The editorial group has spent quite some time editing the chapters for this vol-
ume;muchhasbeencorrectedandimprovedinthatprocess.Thisprocesshasaccel-
eratedduringthelasthalfyearandhasbeenbothademandingbutalsoajoyfultask
whichhasprovidedtheeditorswithmanylaughsdespitethemanyhoursofwork.A
warmthankstothepublisher,SpringerandEvelienBakkerandBernadetteDeelen
fortheirpatienceandhelp.
Copenhagen HansThorAndersen
Helsinki PeterAche
Contents
PartI DiscoursesandConceptualizationsofCompetitivenessandCohesion
CitiesBetweenCompetitivenessandCohesion:Discourses,Realities
andImplementation–Introduction .................................. 3
PeterAcheandHansThorAndersen
Competitiveness and Cohesion: A Janus Head? Some Conceptual
Clarifications ...................................................... 19
JanVranken
PartII AnalyzingtheCompetitivenessofCitiesandRegions
AreEntrepreneurialCitiesMoreSuccessful?EmpiricalEvidencefrom
50GermanCities................................................... 41
StefanoPanebianco
CompetitivenessandCohesionintheSpanishProvinces:ATerritorial
Approach.......................................................... 61
Asuncio´nLo´pez,Jose´ M.Mella-Ma´rquez,andFedericoSteinberg
GlobalizingUrbanEconomies andSocialInequality:AnEmpirical
Assessment.TheCaseofAmsterdamandRotterdam................... 79
JackBurgersandJeroenvanderWaal
TheConditionalNatureofRelationsBetweenCompetitiveness,Social
CohesionandSpatialInequalities:TheEvidencefromIstanbul.......... 99
AydaEraydın
vii
viii Contents
PartIII DetectingSocialCohesioninCitiesandRegions
ImmigrationandtheSpatial(Dis)EquilibriumofCompetitiveness–
CohesioninAthens .................................................119
GeorgeKandylis,VassilisArapoglouandThomasMaloutas
LabourMigrationandSocialCohesion–SomeEmpiricalEvidence
fromVienna .......................................................135
UrsulaReegerandAxelBorsdorf
FromSurvivaltoCompetition?TheSocio-SpatialEvolutionofTurkish
ImmigrantEntrepreneursinAntwerp ................................151
TunaTas¸an-KokandJanVranken
Maribor – Housing Strategies in a Slovenian City Linking
CompetitivenesswithSocialCohesion ................................169
MetkaSitar
PartIV PracticeoftheCompetitivenessandCohesionDiscourse
inUrbanandRegionalDevelopment
SustainableUrbanRegenerationinaGlobalCity–TheRegeneration
ofPaddingtonBasin ................................................187
MikeRaco,StevenHenderson,andSophieBowlby
FinnishUrbanDistricts–NewActorsinMulti-LevelGovernance........205
HarriO.Andersson
ReconcilingCompetitivenessandSocialCohesioninUrbanRegions–
TheRoleofTransportPolicy ........................................223
WalterSchenkelandDominikOetterli
Positioning Bratislava in an Emerging Cross-Border
MetropolitanArea..................................................243
DanesˇBrzica
PartV ReconcilingCompetitivenessandCohesion–Conclusions
Conclusions–CompetitivenessandCohesion:OneDiscourse,Multiple
RealitiesandNewChallengesforPolicyandResearch..................259
ThomasMaloutas,MikeRaco,andTunaTas¸an-Kok
References.........................................................275
Index .............................................................293
Contributors
Peter Ache (Dr. rer. pol., Dipl.-Ing.) is Professor of European Metropolitan Plan-
ning at Helsinki University of Technology. He has published widely in German
and English about planning and regional development. He was core team partner
in recent European research (ESPON) on governance in urban and territorial poli-
cies. His background is in planning, and he previously lectured at Universities in
Glasgow,Hamburg,Weimar(Bauhaus),andDortmund(SchoolofPlanning).
HansThorAndersen(Ph.D,Dr.Scient.)isAssociateProfessorofSocialGeography
andUrbanPoliticsatUniversityofCopenhagenanddirectorofCentreofStrategic
Urban Studies. His research and teaching is related to topics such as segregation,
urbanpoliticsandgovernanceinneighbourhoodprogrammes.
HarriO.Andersson(D.Soc.Sc)isProfessorofHumanGeographyintheDepart-
ment of Geography, University of Turku, Finland. He is also a Vice Rector of the
University and the Head of the Geography Graduate School in Finland. He has
been a MC member in COST A9 (‘Civitas’) and a member of ‘City of Tomorrow
andCulturalHeritage’ExternalAdvisoryGroupinthe5thFrameworkProgramme.
Hisresearchfocusesoninnercityrenewalprojects,newurbansystems,andpower
structuresinurbandevelopment.Researchprojectshavebeen‘Privateactorsinthe
publicrealm’andthestudyon‘UrbanbrownfieldsinTurkuinnercityfringe’.
VassilisArapoglouislectureratthedepartmentofsociology-UniversityofCrete.
HeholdsaBScineconomics(Athens),anMScinsocialpolicy(LSE),andaPhD
inhumangeography(LSE).HeisalsoatutorattheHellenicOpenUniversityanda
researchfellowattheGreekNationalCentreforSocialResearch.Hisresearchand
publicationsfocusonurbaninequalities,poverty,andsocialexclusion.
Axel Borsdorf (Ph.D) is Full Professor in Geography at the University of Inns-
bruckandDirectoroftheInstituteforMountainResearchoftheAustrianAcademy
of Sciences. He has published widely on the topics of urban and regional devel-
opment in Europe and Latin America, on mountain issues and methodology. He
wasvisitingprofessoratuniversitiesatBerne/CH,Eugene/OR,SantiagodeChile,
Tamaulipas/MEXandBangkok.
ix