Circumpolar Lives and Livelihood: A Comparative Ethnoarchaeology of Gender and Subsistence

345 Pages·2006·3.81 MB·English

by  Robert Jarvenpa, Hetty Jo Brumbach

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5 Circumpolar Lives
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9 and Livelihood
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29 Edited by Robert Jarvenpa and
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37 university of nebraska press • lincoln and london
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1 © 2006
by the
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Board of Regents
3 of the
4 University of Nebraska
All rights reserved
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Manufactured
6 in the
United States of America
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䡬⬁
8 Set in Minion and Gill Sans
by Bob Reitz.
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Designed by R. W. Boeche.
10 Printed by
11 Thomson-Shore, Inc.
12 Library of Congress [-4], (4)
Cataloging-in-Publication
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14 Circumpolar lives and
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15 livelihood: a comparative
ethnoarchaeology of ———
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gender and subsistence / 1.68831pt PgVar
17 edited by Robert Jarvenpa
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and Hetty Jo Brumbach.
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p. cm.
19 Includes bibliographical * PgEnds: PageBreak
20 references and index.
isbn-13: 978-0-8032-2606-7
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(cloth: alk. paper)
[-4], (4)
22 isbn-10: 0-8032-2606-3
(cloth: alk. paper)
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1. Arctic peoples—Social
24 conditions. 2. Arctic
peoples—Economic
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conditions. 3. Hunting and
26 gathering societies—Polar
27 regions. 4. Traditional
fishing—Polar regions.
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5. Subsistence
29 economy—Polar regions.
6. Sexual division of
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labor—Polar regions.
31 7. Ethnoarchaeology—Polar
32 regions. 8. Polar
regions—Social conditions.
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9. Polar regions—Antiquities.
34 I. Jarvenpa, Robert. II.
Brumbach, Hetty Jo, 1943–
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gn673.c568 2006
36 306.3'64'09113—dc22
2005021947
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4 For our Chipewyan, Iñupiaq, Khanty, and Sámi hosts, friends, and teachers
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4 Contents
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List of Illustrations viii
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List of Maps ix
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List of Tables x
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9 Acknowledgments xi
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1. Introduction:
[First Page]
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Gender, Subsistence, and Ethnoarchaeology 1
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Robert Jarvenpa and Hetty Jo Brumbach
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2. Chipewyan Society and Gender Relations 24
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Hetty Jo Brumbach and Robert Jarvenpa
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17 A Task Differentiation Analysis 54
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4. Khanty Society and Gender Relations 79
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Elena Glavatskaya
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22 5. Khanty Hunter–Fisher–Herders:
23 A Task Differentiation Analysis of Trom’Agan
24 Women’s and Men’s Subsistence Activities 115
25 Elena Glavatskaya
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6. Sámi Society and Gender Relations 158
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Jukka Pennanen
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29 7. Sámi Reindeer Herders:
30 A Task Differentiation Analysis 186
31 Jukka Pennanen
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8. Iñupiaq Society and Gender Relations 238
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Carol Zane Jolles
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9. Iñupiaq Maritime Hunters:
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Summer Subsistence Work in Diomede 263
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Carol Zane Jolles
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1 10. Conclusion: Toward a Comparative
2 Ethnoarchaeology of Gender 287
3 Hetty Jo Brumbach and Robert Jarvenpa
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Notes on Contributors 325
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Index 327
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Illustrations
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3.1. A Chipewyan girl and her great-grandmother
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at the family’s fish-drying/smoking facility 57
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3.2. A woman’s log smoking and storage cache 64
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3.3. Women cooperate in removing hair and flesh
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from a moose hide 65
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3.4. A Chipewyan woman and her personal
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hide-making toolkit 66 Lines: 85 to 164
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3.5. Close-up of a woman’s toolkit 67 ———
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4.1. A Khanty man from Pim River checks a fish trap 94
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4.2. A Khanty woman from Trom’Agan removes
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feathers from a duck she shot 100
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4.3. A woman tends her reindeer herd 105
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5.1. A Trom’Agan woman uses a knife and her teeth
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for the initial processing of a reindeer skin 134
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5.2. A Trom’Agan girl, age 12, comes ashore
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in her own boat 141
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7.1. Elli Palojärvi milks a reindeer 205
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26 7.2. Inger-Anni Palojärvi feeds “home reindeer”
27 at her Kultima homestead 214
28 7.3. Berit Siilasjoki cuts owner’s marks
29 in a reindeer’s ears 219
30 7.4. Inkeri Siilasjoki prepares her wooden
31 laavu for smoking meat 222
32 7.5. A family picks cloudberries together 233
33 8.1. The two Diomedes 241
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34 8.2. A qagsriq and meat racks, 1928 254
35 8.3. A Diomede school with bell, upkut, and meat racks 256
36 9.1. The Ingaliq community, Little Diomede Island,
37 Alaska, March 2002 264
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1 9.2. A leg trap used by young girls and boys to trap auklets 273
2 9.3. Traditional or handmade birding tools 277
3 9.4. Views of Bob’s family’s uua, or meat hole 280
4 9.5. A view of Bob’s family’s uua in winter 281
5 9.6. An idealized view of an upkut with a saiyuq 282
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7 Maps
8 1.1. Circumpolar locations of Chipewyan, Khanty,
9 Sámi, and Iñupiaq 4
10 2.1. Southern Chipewyan territory in
11 central subarctic Canada 25
12 3.1. Moose-hunting locales near Patuanak and [-9], (3)
13 associated seasonal settlements 60
14 3.2. The spring beaver–muskrat hunting route of an
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15 all-female team. Inset: women’s daily
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17 4.1. Khanty territory in western Siberia, Russia 80
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20 4.3. A Khanty family territory or estate and
21 their seasonal settlements 86
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22 4.4. The distribution of living, storage, and
23 processing facilities in a Khanty summer settlement 87
24 4.5. The distribution of living, storage, and processing
25 facilities in a Khanty family fall settlement 91
26 6.1. Sámi territory in northwestern Finland 161
27 6.2. Official reindeer husbandry districts in
28 the Käsivarren Paliskunta 162
29 6.3. Kultima village and family household clusters 168
30 7.1. The annual reindeer-herding cycle
31 in the Kultima region 190
32 7.2. Salvasjärvi summer village with marking
33 and separation corrals 192
34 7.3. A communal village corral at Kultima 199
35 7.4. The configuration of living, storage, and processing
36 features for a reindeer-herding homestead in Kultima 223
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illustrations ix
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