Circuit Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Theory

404 Pages·2006·4.87 MB·English

by  Wai-Kai Chen

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
and FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER THEORY
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
and FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER THEORY
Edited by
Wai-Kai Chen
University of Illinois
Chicago, U.S.A.
Boca Raton London New York
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The material was previously published in The Circuit and Filters Handbook, Second Edition. © CRC Press LLC 2002.
Published in 2006 by
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Preface
The purpose of Circuit Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Theory is to provide in a single volume a
comprehensive reference work covering the broad spectrum of linear circuit analysis and feedback
amplifier design. It also includes the design of multiple-loop feedback amplifiers. The book is written
and developed for the practicing electrical engineers in industry, government, and academia. The goal
is to provide the most up-to-date information in the field.
Over the years, the fundamentals of the field have evolved to include a wide range of topics and a
broad range of practice. To encompass such a wide range of knowledge, the book focuses on the key
concepts, models, and equations that enable the design engineer to analyze, design and predict the
behavior of large-scale circuits and feedback amplifiers. While design formulas and tables are listed,
emphasis is placed on the key concepts and theories underlying the processes.
The book stresses fundamental theory behind professional applications. In order to do so, it is rein-
forced with frequent examples. Extensive development of theory and details of proofs have been omitted.
The reader is assumed to have a certain degree of sophistication and experience. However, brief reviews
of theories, principles and mathematics of some subject areas are given. These reviews have been done
concisely with perception.
The compilation of this book would not have been possible without the dedication and efforts of
Professor Larry P. Huelsman, and most of all the contributing authors. I wish to thank them all.
Wai-Kai Chen
Editor-in-Chief
v
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Editor-in-Chief
Wai-Kai Chen, Professor and Head Emeritus of the Depart-
ment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the
University of Illinois at Chicago, is now serving as Academic
Vice President at International Technological University. He
received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering at
Ohio University, where he was later recognized as a Distin-
guished Professor. He earned his Ph.D. in electrical engineering
at the University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign.
Professor Chen has extensive experience in education and
industry and is very active professionally in the fields of circuits
and systems. He has served as visiting professor at Purdue Uni-
versity, University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Chuo University in
Tokyo, Japan. He was Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits
and Systems, Series I and II, President of the IEEE Circuits and
Systems Society, and is the Founding Editor and Editor-in-
Chief of the Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers. He
received the Lester R. Ford Award from the Mathematical Asso-
ciation of America, the Alexander von Humboldt Award from Germany, the JSPS Fellowship Award from
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Ohio University Alumni Medal of Merit for Distinguished
Achievement in Engineering Education, the Senior University Scholar Award and the 2000 Faculty
Research Award from the University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from
the University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign. He is the recipient of the Golden Jubilee Medal, the
Education Award, the Meritorious Service Award from IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and the Third
Millennium Medal from the IEEE. He has also received more than a dozen honorary professorship awards
from major institutions in China.
A fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Professor Chen is widely known in the profession for his Applied Graph Theory
(North-Holland), Theory and Design of Broadband Matching Networks (Pergamon Press), Active Network
and Feedback Amplifier Theory (McGraw-Hill), Linear Networks and Systems (Brooks/Cole), Passive and
Active Filters: Theory and Implements (John Wiley), Theory of Nets: Flows in Networks (Wiley-Interscience),
and The VLSI Handbook (CRC Press).
vii
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Advisory Board
Leon O. Chua
University of California
Berkeley, California
John Choma, Jr.
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Lawrence P. Huelsman
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors
Peter Aronhime Artice M. Davis Benedykt S. Rodanski
University of Louisville San Jose State University University of Technology, Sydney
Louisville, Kentucky San Jose, California Broadway, New South Wales,
Australia
K.S. Chao Marwan M. Hassoun
Texas Tech University Iowa State University Marwan A. Simaan
Lubbock, Texas Ames, Iowa University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Ray R. Chen Pen-Min Lin
San Jose State University Purdue University James A. Svoboda
San Jose, California West Lafayette, Indiana Clarkson University
Potsdam, New York
Wai-Kai Chen
Robert W. Newcomb
University of Illinois University of Maryland Jiri Vlach
Chicago, Illinois College Park, Maryland University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
John Choma, Jr.
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
xi
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table of Contents
1
Fundamental Circuit Concepts John Choma, Jr................................................1-1
2
Network Laws and Theorems................................................................................2-1
2.1 Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws Ray R. Chen and Artice M. Davis.....................2-1
2.2 Network Theorems Marwan A. Simaan................................................................2-39
3
Terminal and Port Representations James A. Svoboda.....................................3-1
4
Signal Flow Graphs in Filter Analysis and Synthesis Pen-Min Lin..............4-1
5
Analysis in the Frequency Domain......................................................................5-1
5.1 Network Functions Jiri Vlach................................................................................5-1
5.2 Advanced Network Analysis Concepts John Chroma, Jr..........................................5-10
6
Tableau and Modified Nodal Formulations Jiri Vlach....................................6-1
7
Frequency Domain Methods Peter Aronhime....................................................7-1
8
Symbolic Analysis1 Benedykt S. Rodanski and Marwan M. Hassoun................8-1
9
Analysis in the Time Domain Robert W. Newcomb..........................................9-1
10
State-Variable Techniques K. S. Chao...............................................................10-1
11
Feedback Amplifier Theory John Choma, Jr....................................................11-1
12
Feedback Amplifier Configurations John Choma, Jr......................................12-1
13
General Feedback Theory Wai-Kai Chen.........................................................13-1
xiii
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
14
The Network Functions and Feedback Wai-Kai Chen..................................14-1
15
Measurement of Return Difference Wai-Kai Chen........................................15-1
16
Multiple-Loop Feedback Amplifiers Wai-Kai Chen.......................................16-1
xiv
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
1
Fundamental
Circuit Concepts
1.1 The Electrical Circuit......................................................... 1-1
Current and Current Polarity • Energy and Voltage • Power
1.2 Circuit Classifications ...................................................... 1-10
John Choma, Jr. Linear vs. Nonlinear • Active vs. Passive • Time Varying vs. Time
University of Southern California Invariant • Lumped vs. Distributed
1.1 The Electrical Circuit
An electrical circuit or electrical network is an array of interconnected elements wired so as to be capable
of conducting current. As discussed earlier, the fundamental two-terminal elements of an electrical
circuit are the resistor, the capacitor, the inductor, the voltage source, and the current source. The
circuit schematic symbols of these elements, together with the algebraic symbols used to denote their
respective general values, appear in Figure 1.1.
As suggested in Figure 1.1, the value of a resistor is known as its resistance, R, and its dimensional
units are ohms. The case of a wire used to interconnect the terminals of two electrical elements corresponds
to the special case of a resistor whose resistance is ideally zero ohms; that is, R = 0. For the capacitor in
Figure 1.1(b), the capacitance, C, has units of farads, and from Figure 1.1(c), the value of an inductor is
its inductance, L, the dimensions of which are henries. In the case of the voltage sources depicted in
Figure 1.1(d), a constant, time invariant source of voltage, or battery, is distinguished from a voltage
source that varies with time. The latter type of voltage source is often referred to as a time varying signal
or simply, a signal. In either case, the value of the battery voltage, E, and the time varying signal, v(t),
is in units of volts. Finally, the current source of Figure 1.1(e) has a value, I, in units of amperes, which
is typically abbreviated as amps.
Elements having three, four, or more than four terminals can also appear in practical electrical
networks. The discrete component bipolar junction transistor (BJT), which is schematically portrayed
in Figure 1.2(a), is an example of a three-terminal element, in which the three terminals are the collector,
the base, and the emitter. On the other hand, the monolithic metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET) depicted in Figure 1.2(b) has four terminals: the drain, the gate, the source, and
the bulk substrate.
Multiterminal elements appearing in circuits identified for systematic mathematical analyses are rou-
tinely represented, or modeled, by equivalent subcircuits formed of only interconnected two-terminal
elements. Such a representation is always possible, provided that the list of two-terminal elements itemized
in Figure 1.1 is appended by an additional type of two-terminal element known as the controlled source,
or dependent generator. Two of the four types of controlled sources are voltage sources and two are
current sources. In Figure 1.3(a), the dependent generator is a voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
in that the voltage, v(t), developed from terminal 3 to terminal 4 is a function of, and is therefore
0
1-1
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC