CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering Vol 4 - AgroProcessing Engineering

544 Pages·2016·10.46 MB·English

by  Bakker-Arkema

CIGR Handbook
of Agricultural Engineering
Volume IV
i
ii
CIGR Handbook
of Agricultural Engineering
Volume IV
Agro-Processing Engineering
Edited by CIGR–The International
Commission of Agricultural Engineering
Volume Editor:
F. W. Bakker-Arkema
MichiganStateUniversity,USA
Co-Editors:
J. DeBaerdemaeker
KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,Belgium
P. Amirante
UniversitadiBari,Italy
M. Ruiz-Altisent
UniversidadPolitecnicadeMadrid,Spain
C. J. Studman
MasseyUniversity,NewZealand
(cid:228)
Front Matter
(cid:228)
Table of Contents
Published by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers
iii
Copyright(cid:176)c 1999bytheAmericanSocietyofAgriculturalEngineers
AllRightsReserved
LCCN98-93767ISBN1-892769-03-4
Thisbookmaynotbereproducedinwholeorinpartbyanymeans(withtheexception
ofshortquotesforthepurposeofreview)withoutthepermissionofthepublisher.
ForInformation,contact:
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
The American Society of Agriculture Engineers is not responsible for the statements
andopinionsadvancedinitsmeetingsorprintedinitspublications.Theyrepresentthe
viewsoftheindividualstowhomtheyarecreditedandarenotbindingonthesocietyas
awhole.
iv
Editors and Authors
VolumeEditor
F.W.Bakker-Arkema
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,
MI,USA48824
Co-Editors
P.Amirante
IstitutodiMeccanicaAgraria,Universita` diBari,70126Bari,Italy
J.DeBaerdemaeker
DepartmentofAgro-Engineeringand–Economics,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,
B-3001Heverlee,Belgium
M.Ruiz-Altisent
LaboratoricPropiedadesFisicas,DepartamentodeIngenieriaRural,E.T.S.I.
Agronomos,UniversidadPolitecnicadeMadrid,AvenidaComplutenses/n,
28040Madrid,Spain
C.J.Studman
CentreforPostharvestandRefrigerationResearch,InstituteofTechnology
andEngineering,MasseyUniversity,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand
Authors
P.Aguado
EscueladeIngenierosAgronomos,UniversidaddeLeo´n,Leo´n,Spain
F.Ayuga
UniversidadPolite´cnicadeMadrid,CiudadUniversitariad/n,28040Madrid,Spain
P.A.Berbert
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering,UniversityofVicosa,Vicosa,MG,Brazil
C.W.Cao
BeijingAgriculturalEngineeringUniversity,P.O.Box50,Beijing,100083,P.R.China
P.Catalano
DipartimentoSAVA,Universita` delMolise,86100Campobasso,Italy
J.deSousaeSilva
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering,UniversityofVicosa,Vicosa,MG,Brazil
G.C.DiRenzo
DepartimentoTecnico-Economico,Universita` dellaBasilicata,85100Potenza,Italy
E.Garcia-Vaquero
UniversidadPolite´cnicadeMadrid,CiudadUniversitarias/n,28040Madrid,Spain
E.W.Hewett
InstituteofNaturalResources,MasseyUniversity,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand
v
vi EditorsandAuthors
D.J.Hilton
AptekConsultants,9,RowbothamStreet,Toowoomba,Queensland4350,Australia
R.E.Hines
MFS/YORK/Stormor,PSJPenthouse,Unit5B,3/21SukhumvitRoad,Soi6,
Bangkok10110,Thailand
P.Jancsok
DepartmentofAgro-Engineeringand–Economics,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,
B-3001Heverlee,Belgium
A.A.Jongebreur
IMAG-DLO,Mansholtlaan12,6700AAWageningen,theNetherlands
J.S.Labiak
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,
MI,USA
QiangLiu
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,
MI,USA
J.E.Montross
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,
MI,USA
L.U.Opara
CentreforPostharvestandRefrigerationResearch,MasseyUniversity,
PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand
N.Scheerlinck
DepartmentofAgro-Engineeringand–Economics,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,
B-3001Heverlee,Belgium
J.F.Thompson
DepartmentofBiologicalandAgriculturalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,
Davis,CA,USA95616
P.Verboven
DepartmentofAgro-Engineeringand–Economics,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,
B-3001Heverlee,Belgium
Editorial Board
FredW.Bakker-Arkema,EditorofVol.IV
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering
MichiganStateUniversity
Michigan,USA
ElHoussineBartali,EditorofVol.II(Part1)
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering
InstituteofAgronomy
HassanII,Rabat,Morocco
EgilBerge
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering
UniversityofNorway,Norway
JanDaelemans
NationalInstituteofAgriculturalEngineering
Merelbeke,Belgium
TetuoHara
DepartmentEngenhariaAgricola
UniversidadeFederaldeVicosa
36570-000Vicosa,MG,Brazil
DonnaM.Hull
AmericanSocietyofAgriculturalEngineers
Michigan49085-9659,USA
A.A.Jongebreur
IMAG-DLO
Wageningen,TheNetherlands
OsamuKitani,Editor-in-ChiefandEditorofVol.V
DepartmentofBioenvironmentalandAgriculturalEngineering
NihonUniversity
Kameino1866
Fujisawa,252-8510Japan
HubertN.vanLier,EditorofVol.I
ChairgroupLandUsePlanning
LaboratoryforSpecialAnalysis,PlanningandDesign
DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences
AgriculturalUniversity
Wageningen,TheNetherlands
vii
viii EditorialBoard
A.G.Rijk
AsianDevelopmentBank
P.O.Box789
0980Manila,Philippines
W.Schmid
O.R.L.Institute,E.T.H.Z.
Hongerberg
Zurich,Switzerland
ThelateRichardA.Spray
AgriculturalandBiologicalEngineeringDepartment
ClemsonUniversity
Clemson,SouthCarolina29634-0357,USA
BillA.Stout,EditorofVol.III
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering
TexasA&MUniversity
Texas,USA
FredW.Wheaton,EditorofVol.II(Part2)
AgriculturalEngineeringDepartment
UniversityofMaryland
Maryland,USA
Contents
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
1 GrainsandGrainQuality 1
1.1 GrainQuality 1
1.1.1 QualityFactors 1
1.1.2 GradeStandards 6
1.2 GrainHandling 11
1.2.1 BeltConveyors 12
1.2.2 ScrewConveyors 14
1.2.3 BucketElevators 16
1.2.4 PneumaticConveyors 17
1.3 GrainDrying 20
1.3.1 Fundamentals 20
1.3.2 SunDrying 32
1.3.3 In-storeDrying 33
1.3.4 High-capacityDrying 37
1.3.5 ListofSymbols 44
1.4 GrainStorage 46
1.4.1 CribStorage 46
1.4.2 BagStorage 46
1.4.3 BulkStorage 47
1.4.4 GrainPests 54
1.5 GrainDryingandStorageintheTropics 59
1.5.1 DeteriorationduringStorage 60
1.5.2 DryingSystems 60
1.5.3 Cacao-BeanDrying 65
1.5.4 PhysicalPropertiesofCacaoSeeds 66
2 RootCrops 69
2.1 RootCropQualityandLosses 69
2.1.1 MorphologyofRoots,Tubers,andBulbs 70
2.1.2 ProductRespiration 71
2.1.3 WaterLossofStoredProducts 76
2.1.4 HeatTransferofRootProducts 80
2.1.5 ModelingHeatandMoistureTransferinForced
ConvectionBulk-ProductStorage 84
2.1.6 NaturalConvectioninsideStores 87
2.1.7 QualityStandardsforRootCrops 89
2.2 StorageofPotatoes 92
2.2.1 SolanumTuberosum 92
2.2.2 HistoryofthePotato 92
2.2.3 PotatoProduction 93
2.2.4 ImportanceofProductStorage 93
ix
x Contents
2.2.5 SystemsforPotatoStorage 96
2.2.6 PhasesintheStoragePeriod 100
2.2.7 Physical-TransportPhenomenainPotatoStack 105
2.2.8 ProcessControl 109
2.2.9 EquipmentinStorageHouses 109
2.2.10 ProductHandlingduringStorage 120
2.2.11 ProductQuality-InspectionSystems 121
2.3 OnionStorage 125
2.3.1 EconomicImportanceofOnions 125
2.3.2 PhysiologyandQuality 126
2.3.3 QualityStandardsofBulbOnions 127
2.3.4 HarvestandPostharvestHandling 127
2.3.5 Packaging 134
2.3.6 Bulb-StorageRequirements 137
2.3.7 ControlofStorageDisordersandDiseases 141
2.3.8 TypesofStorageStructures 144
2.3.9 DesignandOperationofOnionStores 150
2.4 CassavaStorage 157
2.4.1 General 157
2.4.2 Maturity,Harvesting,andYield 160
2.4.3 Handling,Curing,andPackaging 161
2.4.4 StorageEnvironmentRequirements 162
2.4.5 PostharvestTreatments 163
2.4.6 StorageDisordersandDiseases 163
2.4.7 TypesofStorageStructures 165
2.4.8 AgroprocessingofCassavaRoots 166
2.4.9 NutritionalandEngineeringProperties 170
2.5 YamStorage 182
2.5.1 General 182
2.5.2 MaturityandHarvesting 186
2.5.3 PostharvestHandling,Curing,andPackaging 188
2.5.4 Storage-EnvironmentRequirements 189
2.5.5 TuberDormancyinStorage 191
2.5.6 StorageDisordersandDiseases 191
2.5.7 TypesofStorageStructures 195
2.5.8 AgroprocessingofYam 199
2.5.9 Nutritional,Physicochemical,andRheologicalProperties 200
2.6 StorageofEdibleAroids 214
2.6.1 General 214
2.6.2 MaturityandHarvesting 219
2.6.3 PostharvestHandlingandCuring 220
2.6.4 StorageofFreshCorms 222
2.6.5 ControlofStorageDiseasesandDisorders 226
2.6.6 AgroprocessingandUtilization 227