Chrysokamino I: The Metallurgy Workshop and its Territory (Hesperia Supplement 36)

486 Pages·2006·54.497 MB·English

by  Philip P. Betancourt

HESPERIA
Supplement 36
THE CHRYSOKAMINO
METALLURGY WORKSHOP
AND ITS TERRITORY
*
P. Betancourt
Philip
American School
of
Classical Studies at Athens
2006
THE CHRYSOKAMINO METALLURGY
WORKSHOP AND ITS TERRITORY
Hesperia Supplements
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Athens (1951)
10* L. Talcott, B. Philippaki, G. R. Edwards, and V. R. Grace, Small Objects from the
P?^: II (1956)
11* J. R. McCredie, FortifiedM ilitary Camps inA ttica (1966)
12* D. J.G eagan, The Athenian Constitution after Sulla (1967)
13 J. H. Oliver, Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civic and Cultural Policy in the East (1970)
14 J. S.T raill, The Political Organization ofA ttica (1975)
15 S. V. Tracy, The Lettering of anA thenian Mason (1975)
16 M. K. Langdon, A Sanctuary of Zeus onM ount Hymettos (1976)
17 T.L Shear Jr.,R allias ofSphettos and theR evolt ofA thens in 268 b.c. (1978)
18* L. V. Watrous, Lasithi:A History of Settlement on aH ighland Plain in Crete (1982)
19 Studies inA ttic Epigraphy\ History, and TopographyP resented toE ugene Vanderpool
(1982)
20 Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture, and Topography Presented to Homer
A. Thompson (1982)
21 J. E. Coleman, Excavations at Pylos inE lis (1986)
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ofB ronze Age Crete (1992)
25 S. I. Rotroff and J. H. Oakley, Debris from a Public Dining Place in the Athenian
Agora (1992)
26 I. S.M ark, The Sanctuary ofA thena Nike inA thens: Architectural Stages and Chronol
?.gy (1993)
27 N. A. Winter, ed., Proceedings of the International Conference on Greek Architectural
Terracottas of the Classical and Hellenistic Periods, December 12-15,1991 (1994)
28 D. A. Amyx and P. Lawrence, Studies inA rchaic Corinthian VaseP ainting (1996)
29 R. S. Stroud, The Athenian Grain-Tax Law of 374/3 b.c. (1998)
30 JW. . Shaw, A. Van deM oortel, P.M . Day, and V. Kilikoglou, A LMIA Ceramic
Kiln in South-Central Crete: Function and Pottery Production (2001)
31 J. K. Papadopoulos, Ceramicus Redivivas: The Early Iron Age Potters'Field in theA rea
of theC lassicalA thenian Agora (2003)
32 J.W iseman and K. Zachos, eds., Landscape Archaeology in Southern Epirus,
Greece I (2003)
33 A. P. Chapin, ed., XAP :E ssays inH onor of Sara A. Immerwahr (2004)
34 F. Zarinebaf, J. Bennet, and J. L. Davis, A Historical and Economic Geography of
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35 Gloria S.M erker, The Greek Tile Works at Corinth: The Site and theF inds (2006) Out ofp rint
THE CHRYSOKAMINO
METALLURGY WORKSHOP
AND ITS TERRITORY
Philip P. Betancourt
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY
Eleni A. Yannis Bassiakos Curt Beck Ruth F. Beeston
Armpis
Mihalis Catapotis Brigit Crowell Doniert Evely William R.
Farrand Susan C. Ferrence R. Noel Gale
Cheryl Floyd
William B. Hafford Donald C. Haggis Glynis Jones Byron
Koukaras James D. Muhly George H. Myer Eleni Nodarou
Lada Onyshkevych Joe Palatinus Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou
Robert S. Powell David S. Reese Ann Schofield Elizabeth B.
Shank Evi Sikla Zofia Stos Edith C. Stout Charles P. Swann
Christine M.
Thompson Tanya Yangaki
The American School Classical Studies at Athens
of
2006
? 2006
Copyright
The American School of
Classical Studies at Athens
All reserved.
rights
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Cover illustration: The site excavation
metallurgy during
of Data
Library Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Betancourt, Philip P., 1936
The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Workshop and its territory / Philip P. Betancourt.
?
p. cm. (Hesperia supplement ; 36)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-87661-536-2 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-87661-536-1 (alk. paper)
1. Chrysokamino Site (Greece) 2. Metallurgy?Greece?Chrysokamino Site.
3.M inoans?Greece?Chrysokamino Site. 4. Excavations (Archaeology)?Greece?
Kavousi Region. 5. Kavousi Region (Greece)?Antiquities. I.Title. II. Series: Hesperia
(Princeton, N.J.). Supplement ; 36.
DF221.C8B55 2006
939r.i8oi?dc22 2006047906
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations ix
List of Tables xvii
Preface and xix
Acknowledgments
PART I:T HE CHRYSOKAMINO TERRITORY
1
Chapter
Introduction
P. Betancourt 3
by Philip
2
Chapter
The Natural Environment
P. Betancourt andW illiam R. Farrand 19
by Philip
PART II: THE METALLURGY WORKSHOP
3
Chapter
The Excavation of the Metallurgy Workshop
by Philip P. Betancourt, James D. Muhly, Eleni A. Armpis,
Robert S. Powell, Elizabeth B. Shank, Evi Sikla, and
47
Tanya Yangaki
4
Chapter
The Apsidal Structure
P. Betancourt 55
by Philip
5
Chapter
The Pottery
P. Betancourt 67
by Philip
6
Chapter
The Stone Tools
Doniert 99
by Evely
7
Chapter
The Furnace Chimney Fragments
P. Betancourt 109
by Philip
VI CONTENTS
8
Chapter
The Pot Bellows
by Philip P. Betancourt and James D. Muhly 125
9
Chapter
Miscellaneous Ceramic Artifacts
Susan C. Ferrence and Koukaras 133
by Byron
10
Chapter
Other Metallurgical Materials
P. Betancourt 137
by Philip
11
Chapter
Faunal Remains
David S. Reese 149
by
12
Chapter
Evidence for the Use of Threshing Remains
at the Early Minoan Metallurgical Workshop
by Glynis Jones andA nn Schofield 153
13
Chapter
Chrysokamino in the History of Early
Metallurgy
by JamesD . Muhly 155
14
Chapter
Discussion of the Workshop and
Reconstruction of the Smelting Practices
P. Betancourt 179
by Philip
PART III: THE SURFACE SURVEY
15
Chapter
Introduction to the Surface Survey
P. Betancourt 193
by Philip
16
Chapter
Topography of the Chrysokamino Region
Lada andW illiam B. Hafford 197
by Onyshkevych
17
Chapter
A Summary of the Habitation Site at
CHRYS O KAMIN O-ChOM ATAS
R. 205
by Cheryl Floyd
18
Chapter
Edith Hall's Excavations in the
Theriospelio Cave
P. Betancourt and R. 215
by Philip Cheryl Floyd
19
Chapter
Chrysokamino in Context: A Regional
Archaeological Survey
Donald C. 221
by Haggis
CONTENTS VII
20
Chapter
The Geographic Boundaries of the
Chrysokamino Farmstead Territory
by Philip P. Betancourt 233
21
Chapter
Land Use on the Chrysokamino Farmstead
by Philip P. Betancourt 241
22
Chapter
Survey Conclusions
by Philip P. Betancourt 257
APPENDIXES
A
Appendix
Petrography and X-Ray Diffraction
Analyses of Slags and Furnace Chimneys
by George H. Myer and Philip P. Betancourt 281
B
Appendix
SEM/EDAX Analysis
by Yannis Bassiakos 293
C
Appendix
Lead Isotope and Chemical Analyses of
Slags from Chrysokamino
by Zofia Stos and Noel Gale 299
D
Appendix
Arsenic Content of Copper Prills:
A Study Applying PIXE
by Susan C. Ferrence and Charles P. Sw ann 321
E
Appendix
Slag Analysis by Wavelength Dispersive
Spectrometry
by Christine M. Thompson 325
F
Appendix
Reconstruction of the Copper Smelting
Process at Chrysokamino Based on the
Analysis of Ore and Slag Samples
by Yannis Bassiakos and Mihalis Catapotis 329
G
Appendix
Register of Anthropogenic Features
by Philip P. Betancourt, Lada Onyshkevych, and
William B. Hafford 355
H
Appendix
The Minoan Pottery from the Survey
by Philip P. Betancourt 377
VIII CONTENTS
I
Appendix
Evidence for Beekeeping
Susan C. Ferrence and Elizabeth B. Shank 391
by
Appendix]
The Byzantine to Ottoman Pottery from
the Survey
Natalia 393
by Poulou-Papadimitriou
K
Appendix
The Excavation of Cave AF 9 and
Terrace AF 22b
Crowell and P. Betancourt 399
by Brigit Philip
L
Appendix
Soils and Sediments from Natural Deposits
at Chrysokamino
Eleni Nodarou 403
by
M
Appendix
Organic Residue Analysis of Pottery Sherds
from Chrysokamino
by Ruth F. Beeston, Joe Palatinus, Curt Beck, and
Edith C. Stout 413
N
Appendix
Petrographic Analysis of Two Final
Neolithic Sherds from the Chrysokamino
Metallurgy Location
Eleni Nodarou 429
by
References 433
Index 457
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.1. of eastern Crete 4
Map
1.2. Three-dimensional of the
topographic plan Chrysokamino
and habitation sites and the 5
metallurgy surrounding territory
1.3. Aerial the of
photograph showing Chrysokamino, village
Kavousi, and the surrounding region 6
1.4. of the 7
Map Chrysokamino territory
1.5. of the area near 9
Toponyms Chrysokamino
1.6. Olive trees growing in Chordakia, looking northeast from
the habitation site 10
1.7. The site of the at 11
metallurgical activity Chrysokamino
1.8. a travertine formation at the coast near the
Chylopittes,
cave 11
Theriospelio
1.9. The Kambos as seen from Kavousi, with the coastal hills
behind it 12
1.10. Lakkos Ambeliou, in the Kambos, looking south from the
habitation site 13
1.11. The burial cave called 13
Theriospelio
1.12. A fragment of industrial pottery published by Angelo Mosso 15
2.1. Detailed bedrock map of the Chrysokamino area 23
2.2. Bedrock of eastern Crete 24
geology
2.3. Schematic section through the nappe pile of eastern Crete 25
2.4. Plattenkalk limestone with calcite veins 25
2.5. Metacarbonate formation near the site 26
metallurgy
2.6. Stratigraphie column through the Phyllite nappe somewhat
east of the area 28
Chrysokamino-Kavousi