Table Of ContentCHRONOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MARS
Cover illustration: The cover image is an unusual view of the volcano, Olympus Mons,
from Mars Global Surveyor, looking east at lOAM Martian time across a landscape hazy
with morning clouds. The image was made by using the wide angle MGS camera in highest
resolution mode, looking to the side to capture the Martian horizon. This image is MGS
MOC SPI-26301, a red-filter image taken on April 26, 1998, from an altitude of 855 km.
Resolution is 776 mJpixel. Mars Global Surveyor was still in elliptical orbit, some months
after orbit insertion, prior to the low, circular-orbit mapping mission. The image is courtesy
Malin Space Science Systems, Jet Propulsion Lab, and NASA, and was processed for this
book by Ethan Goldman, Daniel C. Berman and Gil Esquerdo at the Planetary Science
Institute, Tucson.
Space Sciences Series of ISSI
Volume 12
The International Space Science Institute is organized as a foundation under Swiss law.
It is funded through recurrent contributions from the European Space Agency, the Swiss
Confederation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Bern. For
more information, see the homepage at http://www.issi.unibe.ch/.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
CHRONOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MARS
Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop,
10-14 April 2000, Bern, Switzerland
Edited by
REINALD KALLENBACH
International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland
JOHANNES GEISS
International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland
WILLIAM K. HARTMANN
Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, USA
Editorial Assistant: URSULA PFANDER
International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland
Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 96, Nos. 1-4,2001
~:-:r.I INTERNATIONAL
SPACE
SCIENCE
INSTITUTE
Space Sciences Series of ISSI
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Chronology and evolution of Mars / edited by R. Kallenbach, J. Geiss, and W.K. Hartmann
p.cm. - (Space science Series ofISSI: v. 12)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-90-481-5725-9 ISBN 978-94-017-1035-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0
1. Mars-Geology-Congresses. I. Kallenbach, R. II. Geiss, Johannes. III. Hartmann, William
K. IV. Space science series ofISSI: v. 12.
QB64l.C532001
559.9'23-dc21 2001035763
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 200 1
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Friends of this book 1
R. KALLENBACH, J. GEISS and w.K. HARTMANN / Introduction: A New
Chapter in Mars Research 3
I: CHRONOLOGY OF MARS AND OF THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM
D. STOFFLER and G. RYDER / Stratigraphy and Isotope Ages of Lunar
Geologic Units: Chronological Standard for the Inner Solar System 9
G. NEUKUM, B.A. IVANOV and w.K. HARTMANN / Cratering Records in
the Inner Solar System in Relation to the Lunar Reference System 55
B.A. IVANOV / Mars/Moon Cratering Rate Ratio Estimates 87
L.E. NYQUIST, D.D. BOGARD, C.-Y. SHIH, A. GRESHAKE, D. STOFFLER
and O. EUGSTER / Ages and Geologic Histories of Martian Meteorites 105
W.K. HARTMANN and G. NEUKUM / Cratering Chronology and the Evolu-
tion of Mars 165
II: EVOLUTION OF THE INTERIOR AND SURFACE OF MARS
A.N. HALLIDAY, H. WANKE, J.-L. BIRCK and R.N. CLAYTON / The
Accretion, Composition and Early Differentiation of Mars 197
T. SPOHN, M.H. ACUNA, D. BREUER, M. GOLOMBEK, R. GREELEY, A.
HALLIDAY, E. HAUBER, R. JAUMANN and F. SOHL / Geophysical
Constraints on the Evolution of Mars 231
J.w. HEAD, R. GREELEY, M.P. GOLOMBEK, W.K. HARTMANN, E. HAUBER,
R. JAUMANN, P. MASSON, G. NEUKUM, L.E. NYQUIST and M.H.
CARR / Geological Processes and Evolution 263
J.-P. BIBRING and S. ERARD / The Martian Surface Composition 293
H. WANKE, 1. BRUCKNER, G. DREIBUS, R. RlEDER and I. RYABCHIKOV
/ Chemical Composition of Rocks and Soils at the Pathfinder Site 317
III: HISTORY AND FATE OF THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE
P. MASSON, M.H. CARR, F. COSTARD, R. GREELEY, E. HAUBER and R.
JAUMANN / Geomorphologic Evidence for Liquid Water 333
J.e. BRIDGES, D.e. CATLING, J.M. SAXTON, T.D. SWINDLE, I.e. LYON
and M.M. GRADY / Alteration Assemblages in Martian Meteorites:
Implications for Near-Surface Processes 365
R. GREELEY, R.O. KUZMIN and R.M. HABERLE / Aeolian Processes and
Their Effects on Understanding the Chronology of Mars 393
w.K. HARTMANN / Martian Seeps and Their Relation to Youthful Geothermal
Activity 405
T. ENCRENAZ / The Atmosphere of Mars as Constrained by Remote Sensing 411
D.D. BOGARD, R.N. CLAYTON, K. MARTI, T. OWEN and G. TURNER /
Martian Volatiles: Isotopic Composition, Origin, and Evolution 425
EPILOGUE
w.K. HARTMANN, R. KALLENBACH, J. GEISS and G. TURNER / Sum-
mary: New Views and New Directions in Mars Research 461
Glossary 471
Subject Index 483
List of Acronyms and Basic Mars Data 493
Author Index 495
List of Participants 497
Vlll
Chronology and Evolution of Mars
ISSI Workshop, 10-14 April 2000, Bern, Switzerland
Group Photographs
1. Jean-Pierre Bibring 11. Tim Swindle 21. John Saxton
2. Gabriela Indermiihle 12. Ansgar Greshake 22. Don Bogard
3. Jim Head 13. Michael Drake 23. Gerhard Neukum
4. Ronald Greeley 14. Robert Clayton 24. John Bridges
5. Philippe Masson 15. Paul Warren 25. Bill Hartmann
6. Kurt Marti 16. Heinrich Wanke 26. Reinald Kallenbach
7. Grenville Turner 17. Larry Nyquist 27. Mario Acuna
8. Otto Eugster 18. Francis Albarede 28. Ralf Jaumann
9. Dieter StOffier 19. Tilman Spohn 29. Uli Ott
10. Jean-Louis Birck 20. Ernst Hauber 30. Graham Ryder
Not in this picture: Gabriele Arnold, Doris Breuer, Therese Encrenaz, Johannes Geiss, Matthew
Golombek, Alex Halliday, Elmar Jessberger, Tobias Owen
Picture taken by Urs Lauterburg, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern
ix
FRIENDS OF THIS BOOK
The following people supported the preparation of this book in various ways,
including submitting reviews of various chapters, coordinating meeting and pub
lishing preparations, providing publication advice, maintaining computer infras
tructure, and other forms of assistance.
Leslie Baker, Rocky Mt. College, Billings
Nadine G. Barlow, University of Central Florida, Orlando
Daniel C. Berman, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson
Harry Blom, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Donald R. Davis, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson
Therese Encrenaz , Observatoire de Paris, Meudon
Otto Eugster, University of Bern, Bern
Jamie Gilmour, Manchester University, Manchester
Ron Greeley, Arizona State University, Tempe
Gabriela IndermUhle, International Space Science Institute, Bern
Boris Ivanov, Institute for Dynamics of Geospheres, Moscow
Bruce Jakosky, University of Colorado, Boulder
Elmar Jessberger, Institut fUr Planetologie, Universitat MUnster
Melissa Lane, Planetary Science Institute, Tempe
Barbara Lucchita, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff
Kurt Marti, University of California at San Diego, San Diego
Philippe Masson, Universite Paris-Sud, Paris
Harry Y. McSween, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Gerhard Neukum, Deutsches Zentrum fUr Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin
Tobias Owen, University of Hawaii, Honolulu
Elaine Owens, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson
Carl Pilcher, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC
Graham Ryder, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston
Xavier Schneider, International Space Science Institute, Bern
Rudolf von Steiger, International Space Science Institute, Bern
Dieter Stoffler, Museum fUr Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin
Timothy D. Swindle, University of Arizona, Tucson
Ken L. Tanaka, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff
Grenville Turner, Manchester University, Manchester
Silvia Wenger, International Space Science Institute, Bern
U.S. participants of the workshop Chronology and Evolution of Mars were in part
supported by the NASA Mars Global Surveyor program through the Jet Propul
sion Laboratory and the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program and
through the office of Dr. Carl Pilcher. The support by the Planetary Science Insti
tute, Tucson, AZ, USA, and its staff is greatly appreciated. The editors wish to ex
press their sincere thanks to Ursula Pfander, editorial assistant at the International
Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland .
..a.
Space Science Reviews 96: 1 , 200l.
.." © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
