Chronic Rhinosinusitis: The mucosal concept

429 Pages·2022·17.93 MB·English

by  Luo Zhang, Claus Bachert

Chronic
Rhinosinusitis
The Mucosal Concept
Luo Zhang
Claus Bachert
Editors
123
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Luo Zhang • Claus Bachert
Editors
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
The Mucosal Concept
Editors
Luo Zhang Claus Bachert
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology
Beijing Tongren Hospital Ghent University
Beijing, China Ghent, Belgium
ISBN 978-981-16-0783-7 ISBN 978-981-16-0784-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0784-4
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Preface
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease, causing symptoms and
impacting on quality of life of patients. Since 1980s, we have learned to
understand CRS as a physical problem, a problem of drainage and ventila-
tion, of ciliary activity to clean the sinuses. The proposed surgical approach
by Messerklinger and Stammberger as well as Wigand and Hosemann incor-
porated these ideas, and many authors and guidelines adopted it. This
approach was right in great parts, but did not yet appreciate the fact that sinus
disease is so variable, and immunology does play a significant role much
more than anticipated at that time point. It is clear today that the Messerklinger
technique does not work in severe type 2 nasal polyposis, and one needs a
better understanding of the immunology of the disease—and consequently
the recognition of endotypes—to be able to address the diversity of CRS
disease and tailor management and therapy to a variety of very different dis-
ease endotypes. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of CRS has devel-
oped from a physical problem to a mucosal problem.
Today, with the advent of biologics specifically for type 2 disease and
specific surgical approaches for severe recurrent nasal polyposis, a differen-
tiation of CRS into endotypes is overly due. These approaches are currently
tailored for the severe nasal polyp patient, who so far found no or little sup-
port in the current guidelines for diagnosis, understanding of disease, let
alone treatment. This will change within very few years, as we saw in severe
asthma with great benefits for the patients formerly left untreated due to lack
of understanding but also availability of treatment approaches. Today, we do
see the benefits of biologics, offering great advantages to severe airway dis-
ease patients when properly endotyped; for asthma, these medications are
life-saving and allowing the patient to live a normal life without limitations
and the society to regain an active member. It is due time to adapt these prin-
ciples also for CRS, often characterized by comorbidities such as asthma, but
often by itself limiting the performance of patients and their quality of life to
a great deal. The adaptation of endotypes should make a great difference to
this dilemma. Surgical techniques responding to those needs also need to be
further developed, adopted for the different needs of the patients according to
their pheno- but specifically endotype. In any case, the ENT surgeon will
need to learn immunology, to understand disease endotypes, to master diag-
nosis and advanced treatment options for a larger spectrum of disease. The
biologics will support this development, by supporting the endotyping and
offering so far unexperienced treatment possibilities for the patients most
v
vi Preface
suffering at the moment and hopeless so far. For them with the highest unmet
needs, the new development will bring the long-awaited relief.
This “mucosal concept” is the reason to write a new book for guidance of
our colleagues who struggle to cure and appropriately treat our severe CRS
patients.
Ghent, Belgium Claus Bachert
Beijing, China Luo Zhang

9 June 2020
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Claus Bachert and Luo Zhang
2 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Xiangdong Wang, Ming Zheng, and Luo Zhang
3 Quality of Life and Psychological Burden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Eduardo Lehrer, Mauricio López-Chacón, Isam Alobid,
and Joaquim Mullol
4 Genetics and Epigenetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Jingyun Li, Luo Zhang, and Yuan Zhang
5 Involvement of the Immune System in Airways Disease . . . . . . . 31
Wei Wang and Ying Sun
6 T Cells and Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Atsushi Kato and Robert P. Schleimer
7 B Cells and Plasma Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Siobhan Ward, Zeynep Celebi Sözener, and Mübeccel Akdis
8 Eosinophils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Elien Gevaert
9 Neutrophils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Elien Gevaert
10 Remodeling Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Lili Shi and Zheng Liu
11 Nasal Mucociliary Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Jian Jiao and Luo Zhang
12 Sinonasal Epithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Michael Soyka and Cezmi A. Akdis
13 Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Mahboobeh Mahdavinia and Robert P. Schleimer
vii
viii Contents
14 Staphylococcus aureus and Its Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Goran Abdurrahmanm and Barbara M. Bröker
15 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Feng Lan and Luo Zhang
16 Environmental and Allergic Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Changyu Qiu and Lei Cheng
17 Dysfunctional Immune Regulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Jinmei Xue, Pingchang Yang, and Changqing Zhao
18 Chronic Rhinosinusitis with and Without Nasal Polyps . . . . . . . 157
Bradley F. Marple
19 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Fenghong Chen, Matthew W. Ryan, and Bradley F. Marple
20 Type 2 Immune Reactions and Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Claus Bachert
21 Regional Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Kun Du and Xiangdong Wang
22 Multimorbidities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
David Bedoya, Cristóbal Langdon, Isam Alobid, José Antonio
Castillo, and Joaquim Mullol
23 Clinical Diagnosis and Phenotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Kevin Hur and Robert C. Kern
24 Imaging the Anatomic Landmarks for Safe FESS . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Simion James Zinreich and Sachin K. Gujar
25 Olfactory Function Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Meritxell Valls-Mateus, Franklin Mariño-Sánchez, Isam
Alobid, Concepció Marin, and Joaquim Mullol
26 Local and Systemic Biomarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Nan Zhang
27 Benign Tumors of the Nose and Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen
28 Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Chengshuo Wang, Siyuan Ma, and Luo Zhang
29 Malignant Tumors of the Nose and Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen and Isam Alobid
30 Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis: View from Europe . . . . . . . . . 267
Thibaut van Zele
31 Pediatric Chronic Sinusitis: View from China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Jingying Ma and Bing Zhou
Contents ix
32 Wegener’s Granulomatosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Jichao Sha and Dongdong Zhu
33 IgG4-Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Yingshi Piao
34 Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Yujie Cao and Huabin Li
35 Oral Corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Chengshuo Wang, Yifan Meng, and Luo Zhang
36 Nasal Spray Corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Yujie Cao, Huabin Li, and Dehui Wang
37 Nebulization Corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Chengshuo Wang, Yifan Meng, and Luo Zhang
38 Steroid-Eluting Stent Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Chengshuo Wang, Longgang Yu, and Luo Zhang
39 Steroid Infiltrated Packing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Yueqi Sun and Jianbo Shi
40 Corticosteroids Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Yujie Cao, Dehui Wang, and Huabin Li
41 Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Rui Zheng, Tian Yuan, and Qintai Yang
42 Antihistamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Hongfei Lou, Yanran Huang, and Luo Zhang
43 Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Dawei Wu and Yongxiang Wei
44 Decongestant and Nasal Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Xiaoping Lai and Gehua Zhang
45 Probiotics, Bacterial Lysates, and Proton Pump Inhibitors . . . . 361
Luping Zhu and Lei Cheng
46 Impact of Endotyping on the Indication for Surgery . . . . . . . . . 369
Claus Bachert
47 Surgical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Ashleigh Halderman and Bradley F. Marple
48 Reboot Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Claus Bachert
49 Complications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Yi Dong and Bing Zhou
50 Peri-operative Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Jian Li and Weiping Wen
x Contents
51 Surgery Outcome and Predictors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Fenghong Chen and Jianbo Shi
52 Biologics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps . . . . . . . . 411
Claus Bachert
53 Integrated Care Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Claus Bachert and Nan Zhang
54 Unmet Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Luo Zhang and Claus Bachert
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439