Chronic Kidney Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment

250 Pages·2020·4.611 MB·English

by  Junwei Yang, Weichun He

Chronic Kidney
Disease
Diagnosis and Treatment
Junwei Yang
Weichun He
Editors
123
Chronic Kidney Disease
Junwei Yang • Weichun He
Editors
Chronic Kidney Disease
Diagnosis and Treatment
Editors
Junwei Yang Weichun He
Centre for Kidney Disease Centre for Kidney Disease
Second Affiliated Hospital Second Affiliated Hospital
Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Medical University
Nanjing Nanjing
Jiangsu Jiangsu
China China
ISBN 978-981-32-9130-0 ISBN 978-981-32-9131-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9131-7
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Preface
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem with an increasing
morbidity and mortality. The last decade has seen significant improvement in
perception of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and complications of
CKD due in major part to the development of definitions of CKD by the
Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and the Kidney
Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). The increased recognition of
CKD led to the awareness of the importance and urgency of familiarizing
clinicians with its diagnosis and treatment which are essential to the well-
being of the patients. The purpose of the work is to guide general practitio-
ners and residents, more than just nephrologists, and to provide them with a
comprehensive and systematic review of the latest available concept concern-
ing clinical diagnosis and therapeutics over a wide spectrum of clinically
important CKD.
Our goal of the work is to provide a concise, well-organized exposition
of the knowledge base of CKD to the readers. Thus, the book is designed
to consist of 19 chapters divided into three parts. As compared with the
previous books concerning kidney diseases and CKD, the number of
chapters in each part is limited, and the length of each chapter is stream-
lined. Chapters in Part I cover hot topics of particular concern, such as
diabetic kidney disease, hypertensive kidney disease, pregnancy in CKD,
CKD in the elderly, and the association between acute kidney injury and
CKD. It also contains pathophysiology of CKD and advanced image tech-
niques for diagnosis of CKD. Part II contains major complications of
CKD, e.g., cardiovascular disease, anemia, mineral bone disorder, vita-
min D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism, immune deficiency
and infection, and nervous system disorders. Part III include several cru-
cial aspects of management of CKD, which is nutritional intervention,
medication, initiation timing and modality option for renal replacement
therapy, and three modalities of renal replacement therapy, i.e., hemodi-
alysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation. Based on this framework,
the book is organized to be a practical guide to clinical management of
great majority of CKD, and it should prove useful and valuable to clini-
cians. It is our hope that the reader will become acquainted with the most
important topics in CKD from this book.
We wish to thank all authors of this book for taking considerable time and
effort to ensure that all chapters bring state-of-the-art knowledge. In the
course of compiling this book, each author has consulted the latest literatures
v
vi Preface
and textbooks with a rigorous attitude of scholarly study, thus ensuring the
scientificity and referential property of the book. We hope that the readers
achieve the same level of acquisition of new knowledge and enjoyment as we
have attained by editing the book.
Nanjing, China Junwei Yang
Nanjing, China Weichun He
Contents
Part I C hronic Kidney Disease
1 Chronic Kidney Disease: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Yang Zhou and Junwei Yang
2 Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Jiafa Ren and Chunsun Dai
3 Diabetic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ting Cai and Junwei Yang
4 Hypertensive Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Xiaobing Ji
5 Pregnancy in Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Weichun He
6 Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Tao Zhang
7 Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Yu Chen and Weichun He
8 Advanced Image Techniques in Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . 99
Zhuo Xu
Part II C omplications of Chronic Kidney Disease
9 Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . 111
Jining Wu, Wenjin Liu, and Hongdi Cao
10 Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Yi Fang and Weichun He
11 Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder,
Vitamin D Deficiency, and Secondary
Hyperparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Mingxia Xiong
vii
viii Contents
12 Immune Deficiency and Infection in Chronic Kidney
Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Lei Jiang and Ping Wen
13 Nervous System Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease:
Neurocognitive Dysfunction, Depression, and Sleep
Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Wenjin Liu
Part III Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
14 Nutritional Management of Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . 173
Li Fang
15 Medication in Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Hongdi Cao
16 Initiation Timing and Modality Option for Renal
Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Ping Wen
17 Hemodialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Hong Ye, Hao Ding, Wei Gan, Ping Wen, Yang Zhou,
Hongdi Cao, and Weichun He
18 Peritoneal Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Jia Di
19 Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Hao Ding and Junwei Yang
Contributors
Ting Cai, PhD Candidate Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu,
China
Hongdi Cao, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Yu Chen, MD, PhD Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People’s
Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Chunsun Dai, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Jia  Di, MD, PhD Division of Nephrology, Third Affiliated Hospital,
Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
Hao Ding, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Li  Fang, MD, PhD Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of
Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
Yi  Fang, MD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Wei Gan, MD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Weichun He, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Xiaobing Ji, MD, PhD Division of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Lei Jiang, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Wenjin  Liu, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Jiafa Ren, MD, PhD Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine,
Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USA
Ping Wen, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
ix
x Contributors
Jining  Wu, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Mingxia Xiong, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Zhuo Xu, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Junwei Yang, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Hong Ye, MD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Tao Zhang, MD, PhD Division of Nephrology, Department of Geriatrics,
First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu,
China
Yang  Zhou, MD, PhD Centre for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China