Chromatography: The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

437 Pages·2016·12.33 MB·English

by  Calderon L.A. (Ed.)

CHROMATOGRAPHY
THE MOST VERSATILE
METHOD OF
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Edited by Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon
CHROMATOGRAPHY –
THE MOST VERSATILE
METHOD OF CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS

Edited by Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon
Chromatography – The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2707
Edited by Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon

Contributors
Rodrigo G. Stábeli, Rodrigo Simões-Silva, Anderson M. Kayano, Gizeli S. Gimenez, Andrea A.
Moura, Cleópatra A. S. Caldeira, Antonio Coutinho-Neto, Kayena D. Zaqueo, Juliana P. Zuliani,
Leonardo A. Calderon, Andreimar M. Soares, Emma B. Casanave, M. Soledad Araujo, Gustavo H.
López, Phan Van Chi, Nguyen Tien Dung, Robert Roškar, Tina Trdan Lušin, Paolo Lucci, Deborah
Pacetti, Oscar Núñez, Natale G. Frega, Jolanta Rubaj, Waldemar Korol, Grażyna Bielecka, Juan M.
Traverso-Soto, Eduardo González-Mazo, Pablo A. Lara-Martín, Saksit Chanthai, Thanee Tessiri, Jin
HaiRu, Jiang Xiangyan, Manabu Asakawa, Yasuo Shida, Keisuke Miyazawa, Tamao Noguchi,
Wangsa T. Ismaya, Khomaini Hasan, Toto Subroto, Dessy Natalia, Soetijoso Soemitro, Vijay
Prabha, Siftjit Kaur, Sankar Ramachandran, Moganavelli Singh, Mahitosh Mandal, Maria Helene
Giovanetti Canteri, Alessandro Nogueira, Carmen Lúcia de Oliveira Petkowicz, Gilvan Wosiacki,
Mihalj Poša, Fabrice Mutelet, Biljana Nigović, Ana Mornar, Miranda Sertić

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Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
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First published October, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
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Chromatography – The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis,
Edited by Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0813-9

Contents

Preface IX
Chapter 1 Purification of Phospholipases A
2
from American Snake Venoms 1
Rodrigo G. Stábeli, Rodrigo Simões-Silva, Anderson M. Kayano,
Gizeli S. Gimenez, Andrea A. Moura, Cleópatra A. S. Caldeira,
Antonio Coutinho-Neto, Kayena D. Zaqueo, Juliana P. Zuliani,
Leonardo A. Calderon and Andreimar M. Soares
Chapter 2 Use of Chromatography in Animal Ecology 35
Emma B. Casanave, M. Soledad Araujo and Gustavo H. López
Chapter 3 2D-NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS for Separation and
Identification of Mouse Brain Membrane Proteins 63
Phan Van Chi and Nguyen Tien Dung
Chapter 4 Analytical Methods for Quantification of
Drug Metabolites in Biological Samples 79
Robert Roškar and Tina Trdan Lušin
Chapter 5 Current Trends in Sample Treatment Techniques
for Environmental and Food Analysis 127
Paolo Lucci, Deborah Pacetti, Oscar Núñez and Natale G. Frega
Chapter 6 Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
for Analyzing Feed Additives 165
Jolanta Rubaj, Waldemar Korol and Grażyna Bielecka
Chapter 7 Analysis of Surfactants in Environmental Samples
by Chromatographic Techniques 187
Juan M. Traverso-Soto, Eduardo González-Mazo
and Pablo A. Lara-Martín
Chapter 8 Application of HPLC Analysis of Medroxyprogesterone
Acetate in Human Plasma 217
Saksit Chanthai and Thanee Tessiri
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Chromatographic Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization and
Transport in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Symbiosis 231
Jin HaiRu and Jiang Xiangyan
Chapter 10 Instrumental Analysis of Tetrodotoxin 245
Manabu Asakawa, Yasuo Shida,
Keisuke Miyazawa and Tamao Noguchi
Chapter 11 Chromatography as the Major Tool in the Identification and
the Structure-Function Relationship Study of Amylolytic
Enzymes from Saccharomycopsis Fibuligera R64 271
Wangsa T. Ismaya, Khomaini Hasan, Toto Subroto,
Dessy Natalia and Soetijoso Soemitro
Chapter 12 Isolation and Purification of Sperm
Immobilizing/Agglutinating Factors from Bacteria and Their
Corresponding Receptors from Human Spermatozoa 295
Vijay Prabha and Siftjit Kaur
Chapter 13 Purification of Azurin from Pseudomonas Aeuroginosa 311
Sankar Ramachandran, Moganavelli Singh and Mahitosh Mandal
Chapter 14 Characterization of Apple Pectin –
A Chromatographic Approach 325
Maria Helene Giovanetti Canteri, Alessandro Nogueira,
Carmen Lúcia de Oliveira Petkowicz and Gilvan Wosiacki
Chapter 15 Chromatographic Retention Parameters
as Molecular Descriptors for Lipophilicity
in QSA(P)R Studies of Bile Acid 343
Mihalj Poša
Chapter 16 The Use of Solvation Models in Gas Chromatography 365
Fabrice Mutelet
Chapter 17 A Review of Current Trends and Advances
in Analytical Methods for Determination of Statins:
Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis 385
Biljana Nigović, Ana Mornar and Miranda Sertić

Preface

Since its invention by the Russian botanist Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet in 1901 [1],
chromatography has evolved into a flexible analytical technique of which there are many
permutations with various applications both in academia and industry, and is
considered the most versatile of all methods of chemical analysis. Chromatography is
used in the separation of compounds according to their distribution between two phases.
The compound mixture is dissolved in a fluid known as mobile phase, which carries it
through a structure holding another material known as stationary phase. The various
constituents of the compound mixture travel at different speeds due to differences in the
compound's partition coefficient which allows the separation based on differential
partitioning between the two phases resulting in differential retention on the stationary
phase, thus performing the separation. Nowadays, the use of chromatography is
associated with a wide range of detection systems, including electrochemical,
photometric and mass spectrometry, and plays a vital role in the advancement of
science. The authors of Chromatography - the Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis
have contributed chapters which focus on purification, analysis, models, retention
parameters and sample preparation with different applications in biotechnology,
ecology, environment, food and toxicology. Finally, I am most happy to have received
contributions from internationally renowned contributors from different parts of the
world join us to report on their traditional and innovative approaches, as well as reviews
of the most relevant and impacting aspects of chromatography. I hope that readers of
this book will find new ideas, approaches and inspiration to solve separation problems.
Finally, I would like to thank all the authors and Mr. Oliver Kurelic for their
contributions and their cooperation throughout the previous year.

Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon
Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas a Saúde
Universidade Federal de Rondônia
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Porto Velho,
Brazil
[1] Heftmann, E. (1983). History of chromatography and electrophoresis. Journal of
Chromatography Library 22(A): A19–A26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4770(08)60863-5

Chapter 1
Purification of Phospholipases A
2
from American Snake Venoms
Rodrigo G. Stábeli, Rodrigo Simões-Silva, Anderson M. Kayano,
Gizeli S. Gimenez, Andrea A. Moura, Cleópatra A. S. Caldeira,
Antonio Coutinho-Neto, Kayena D. Zaqueo, Juliana P. Zuliani,
Leonardo A. Calderon and Andreimar M. Soares
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53052
1. Introduction
Snake venoms are a complex mixture of compounds with a wide range of biological and
pharmacological activities, which more than 90% of their dry weight is composed by
proteins, comprising a variety of enzymes, such as proteases (metalo and serine),
phospholipases A2, L-aminoacid oxidases, esterases, and others [1-5]. A great number of
proteins were purified and characterized from snake venoms [1, 2]. Some of these proteins
exhibit enzymatic activity, while many others are non-enzymatic proteins and peptides.
Based on their structures, they can be grouped into a small number of super-families based
on remarkable similarities in their primary, secondary and tertiary structures, however
showing distinct pharmacologic effects [3].
One of the most important protein super-families present in snake venoms are the
phospholipases A2 (PLA2, E.C. 3.1.1.4), a class of heat-stable and highly homologous
enzymes, which catalyse the hydrolysis of the 2-acyl bond of cell membrane phospholipids
releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids (Figure 1). These proteins are found in a
wide range of cells, tissues and biological fluids, such as macrophages, platelets, spleen,
smooth muscle, placenta, synovial fluid, inflammatory exudate and animal venoms. There is
a high medical and scientific interest in these enzymes due to their involvement in a variety
of inflammatory diseases and accidents caused by venomous animals. Since the first PLA2
activity was observed in Naja snake venom, PLA2s were characterized as the major
component of snake venoms, being responsible for several pathophysiological effects caused
by snake envenomation, such as neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, myotoxic, cytotoxic, hypotensive
and anti-coagulant activities [1-10].