Chromatography, Sixth Edition: Fundamentals and applications of chromatography and related differential migration methods - Part A: Fundamentals and technique

585 Pages·2004·8.6 MB·English

by  E. Heftmann

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY — volume 69A
chromatography
6th edition
fundamentals and applications of chromatography and related
differential migration methods
part A: fundamentals and techniques
The page is intentionally left blank
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY — volume 69A
chromatography
6th edition
fundamentals and applications of chromatography
and related differential migration methods
part A: fundamentals and techniques
edited by
E. Heftmann
2004
Amsterdam–Boston–Heidelberg–London–New York–Oxford–Paris
San Diego–San Francisco–Singapore–Sydney–Tokyo
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VII
CONTENTS
List ofAuthors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI
List ofAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII
List ofItalic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX
List ofGreek Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII
Foreword (S.Hjerte´n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXV
Preface (E.Heftmann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIX
1 Theory ofchromatography (V.L.McGuffin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Principles of solute-zone dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Principles of solute-zone separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5 Optimization ofchromatographic separations . . . . . . . . . . . 72
1.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2 Columnliquid chromatography (R.M. Smith) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.2 Equipmentfor liquid-phase separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.3 Stationary-phase materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.4 Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.5 Separation methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.6 Liquid chromatography insample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . 128
2.7 High-temperature separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
2.8 Miniaturization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
2.9 Large-scale separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3 Affinity chromatography (F.B.Anspach) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.2 Chromatographic operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
VIII
3.3 Affinity interactions at solid interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.4 Affinity ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4 Ion chromatography (C.A.Lucyand P. Hatsis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.2 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.3 Selectivityinion chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.4 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.5 Future directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5 Size-exclusionchromatography (J.Silberring, M. Kowalczuk, J.Bergquist,
A. Kraj, P. Suder, T. Dylag, M. Smoluch, J.-P. Chervet, andJ. Ekman). . . . 213
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5.3 Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.4 Mobile phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
5.5 Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
5.7 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6 Planarchromatography(Sz. Nyiredy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6.2 Classification ofplanar chromatographictechniques . . . . . . . . 255
6.3 Principles ofplanar chromatographicmethods . . . . . . . . . . . 257
6.4 Principal factorsinplanar chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.5 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
6.6 Qualitativeand quantitative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
6.7 Preparative planar chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.8 Special planar chromatographic techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
6.9 Comparison ofvarious planar chromatographic techniques . . . . . 287
6.10 Trends in planar chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7 Electrokineticchromatography (E. Kenndlerand A.Rizzi). . . . . . . . . . 297
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7.2 Electro-osmotic flowinopen andpacked capillaries . . . . . . . . 301
IX
7.3 Electrochromatographywith stationaryphases . . . . . . . . . . . 304
7.4 Electrokinetic chromatographywith pseudo-stationary phases . . . 310
7.5 Electricallydrivenvs. pressure-driven chromatography . . . . . . . 315
7.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
8 Gas chromatography (P.J. Marriott). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
8.2 Basic operating variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
8.3 Enhanced and fast separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
8.4 Sample introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
8.5 Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
9 Capillaryzone electrophoresis (P.G. Righetti,A.Bossi, L. Castelletti,and
B. Verzola) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
9.2 Theinstrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
9.3 Thecapillary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
9.4 Howto modulate the EOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
9.5 Thebuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
9.6 Modes ofoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
9.7 Micellar electrokinetic chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
9.8 Biosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
9.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
10 Combinedtechniques (W.M.A.Niessen). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
10.2 Coupled columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
10.3 Chromatography–spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
10.4 Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . 418
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
11 Microfabricated analyticaldevices (A. Guttman andJ. Khandurina). . . . . 431
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
11.2 Capillary electrophoresis onmicrochips . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
11.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
11.4 System integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
11.5 Modeling by computational fluid dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 461