Table Of ContentAdvanced Brain Neuroimaging Topics
in Health and Disease:
Methods and Applications
Edited by T. Dorina Papageorgiou,
George I. C hristopoulos
and Stelios M. Smirnakis
Adva nced Brain Neuroimaging Topics in Health and Disease: Methods and Applications
Edite d by T. Dorina Papageorgiou, George I. Christopoulos and Stelios M. Smirnakis
D3pZ4i & bhgvld, Dennixxx & rosea (for softarchive)
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Copyright © 2014
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Published online & print edition 30 May, 2014
ISBN-10 9535112031
ISBN-13 9789535112037
C ontents
P reface
Chapter 1 A Practical Guide to an fMRI Experiment
by Nasser Kashou
Chapter 2 The Neurometabolic Underpinnings of fMRI BOLD Dynamics
by Christopher Tyler
Chapter 3 Perfusion Based Functional MRI
by Luis Hernandez-Garci a and Hesamoddin Jahanian
Chapter 4 Phase Variations in fMRI Time Series Analysis:
Friend or Foe?
by Gisela Hagberg and Elisa Tuzzi
Chapter 5 Simultaneous Measurement of fMRI and EEG – Principles
and Applications
by Yeji Han, Sung Suk Oh, Joong Koo Kang and HyunWook Park
Chapter 6 Functional MRI of Awake Behaving Macaques Using Standard
Equipment
by Wim Vanduffel and Reza Farivar
Chapter 7 Brain Functional Networks in the Developing Brain Using
Resting BO LD
by Wei Gao, Hongtu Zhou, Kelly Giovanello, J Keith Smith,
Dinggang Shen, John Gilmore and Weili Lin
Chapter 8 Big Challenges from the Little Brain —
Imaging the Cerebellum
by John Schlerf, Tobias Wiestler, Timothy Verstynen and
Joern Diedrichsen
Chapter 9 A Probabilistic Atlas of Human Visual Areas and Information-
Theoretic Analysis of Indiv idual Variability in Their Loci
by Hiroki Yamamoto
Chapter 10 The Contribution of fMRI in the Study of Visual Categorization
and Expertise
by Natasha Sigala
Contents
Chapter 11 Color Sp ecificity in the Human V4 Complex – An fMRI Repetition
Suppression Study
by Tessa Van Leeuwen
Chapter 12 Developmental Plasticity: FMRI Investigations into Human
Visual Cortex
by Alyssa Brewer and Brian Barton
Chapter 13 Learnin g-Based Cross-Modal Plasticity in the Human Brain:
Insights from Visual Deprivation fMRI
by Lora Likova
Chapter 14 A Systematic Approach to Visual System Rehabilitation —
Population Receptive Field Analysis and Real-time Functional
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback Methods
by Dorina Papageorgiou, Amalia Papanikolaou and Stelios Smirnakis
Chapter 15 Using fMRI to Examine Central Auditory Plasticity
by Deborah Hall, Cornelis Lanting, Douglas Hartley and
Deborah Hall
Chapter 16 The Neurofunctional Architecture of Motor Imagery
by Aymeric Guillot, Franck Di Rienzo and Christian Collet
Chapter 17 Feedback Regulation of Limb Position Characterized Using FMRI
by Aaron Suminski and Robert Scheidt
Chapter 18 Active and Passive fMRI for Presurgical Mapping of Motor and
Language Cortex
by Bradley Goodyear, Einat Liebenthal and Victoria Mosher
Chapter 19 Functional MRI in Alzheimer’s Disease
by Julia Kivistÿ, Hilkka Soininen and Maija Pihlajamaki
Chapter 20 Structural and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in
Hepatic Encephalopathy
by Longjiang Zhang
Chapter 21 Application of Diffusion – And Perfusion – Weighted Imaging
in Acute Ischemic Stroke
by Vincent Lai
Chapter 22 The Brain Is not “As-If” – Taking Stock of the Neuroscientific
Approach on Decision Making
by Kirsten G. Volz and Gerd Gigerenzer
Contents
Chapter 23 Using fMRI to Study Valuation and Choice
by Read Montague and Ann Harvey
Chapter 24 Social Pain and the Brain: How Insights from Neuroimaging
Advance the Study of Social Rejection
by Richard Pond, Jr., Stephanie Richman, David Chester and
Nathan DeWall
Chapter 25 Social Neuroscience Tasks: Employing fMRI to Understand
the Social Mind
by George Christopoulos
Preface
The brain is the most complex computational device we know,
consisting of highly interacting and redundant networks of
areas, supporting specific brain functions.
The rules by which these areas organize themselves to perform
specific computations have only now started to be uncovered.
Advances in non-invasive neuroimaging technologies have
revolutionized our understanding of the functional anatomy of
cortical circuits in health and disease states, which is the
focus of this book.
The first section of this book focuses on methodological issues,
such as combining functional MRI technology with other brain
imaging modalities.
The second section examines the application of brain neuroimaging
to understand cognitive, visual, auditory, motor and decision-making
networks, as well as neurological diseases.
Th e use of non-invasive neuro imaging technologies will continue to
stimulate an exponential growth in understanding basic brain
processes, largely as a result of sustained advances in neuroimaging
methods and applications.
Chapter 1
A Practical Guide to an fMRI Experiment
Nasser H Kashou
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
1.Introduction
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has been around for two decades now
and research in this field has been exponentially rising. Many of this research has been
dominated by basic science. Recent trends have brought the clinical realm into play in
which valuable contribution can still be made. Allowing the clinician to understand the
basic concepts behind an fMRI experiment is crucial to further developing and evaluating
functionalparadigmsandresearch. PartofdesigninganfMRIexperimentisunderstanding
thephysicsandhowfinetuningscanningparametersaffecttheimagequalitywhichinturn
affectthefindingsofanfMRIstudy. Theotherpartisunderstandingthephysiologybehind
theacquiredsignalaswellastheanatomyofthebrain. Toappreciatethecomplexityofthe
fMRIprocesssee[1,2].
Inthischapterwepresentapracticalguidetothenoviceonwhatimportantaspectsneededto
perform an efficient fMRI experiment from idea formulation to understanding the possible
limitations of the results. In doing so, the basic concepts of fMRI beginning with image
resolution and physics will be discussed along with advice on possible pearls and pitfalls
of this process. Points covered will include paradigm design, scanning protocol, and
limitations.
2.Basics physics
HowisanimageacquiredinMRI?Inthissectionabriefoverviewofthephysicsandsteps
needed is introduced. The main components to acquire an image in MRI are a magnet,
threegradientsandaradiofrequency(RF)coil. Incontrasttootherimagingmodalities,the
magnet is always on, very strong and can range anywhere from 1.5 to 8 Tesla (higher for
animal systems). Currently 1.5 and 3 Tesla are the standard magnets for clinical MRI. To
get a grasp on the strength of the magnet, consider that the earth’s magnetic field is equal
to 0.5 Gauss where 10,000 Gauss is equal to 1 Tesla. This means if working with a 1.5 or 3
Teslasystem thenthe magnetis 30,000and 60,000times strongerthanthe earth’smagnetic
field. This fact is probably the most important thing to know about MRI scanners, namely
