Table Of ContentChristian Maps
of the Holy Land
CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS IN
LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES
General Editor
Yitzhak Hen, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Editorial Board
Angelo di Berardino, Augustinianum, Rome
Nora Berend, University of Cambridge
Leslie Brubaker, University of Birmingham
Christoph Cluse, Universität Trier
Rob Meens, Universiteit Utrecht
James Montgomery, University of Cambridge
Alan V. Murray, University of Leeds
Thomas F.X. Noble, University of Notre Dame
Miri Rubin, Queen Mary, University of London
Previously published volumes in this series are listed at the back of this book.
Volume 28
Christian Maps
of the Holy Land
Images and Meanings
by
Pnina Arad
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
© 2020, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-2-503-58526-0
e-ISBN: 978-2-503-58527-7
DOI: 10.1484/M.CELAMA-EB.5.117770
ISSN: 1378-8779
e-ISSN: 2294-8511
Printed in the EU on acid-free paper
D/2020/0095/9
Contents
List of Illustrations ........................................................................... vii
Colour Plates. ............................................................................... xii
Acknowledgements ........................................................................ xxiii
Abbreviations. .............................................................................. xxiv
Timeline ................................................................................... xxiv
Introduction. ................................................................................. 1
Part I. Iconic Landscape, Iconic Map
Chapter 1. Formation of a Holy Land. ......................................................... 9
Chapter 2. Madaba Map: A Visual Portrait of the Holy Land
from the Byzantine Period. ....................................................... 13
Part II. The Map of the Holy Land
in the Latin Christian West
Chapter 3. Innovative Western Spiritual Icono graphies ........................................ 33
Chapter 4. Fifteenth-Century Pilgrims’ Maps:
Late Medi eval Instruments of Devotion. .......................................... 63
Part III. Between Pilgrimage and Scripture,
Catholicism and Protestantism
Chapter 5. Friedrich III’s Carto graphical Pilgrimage Imagery.................................. 87
Chapter 6. Map and Scripture. ............................................................... 95
vi CONTENTS
Part IV. Map as Icon: Greek Orthodox proskynetaria
from the Ottoman Period
Chapter 7. Icon of a Land. .................................................................. 123
Conclusion. ................................................................................ 133
Appendices
Appendix I. Inscriptions on the Madaba Map ............................................. 137
Appendix II. Sites Mentioned in the Pilgrimage Guide
Gesta Francorum Iherusalem expugnatium .................................... 141
Appendix III. Inscriptions on Three Twelfth-Century Maps of the Holy Land. ............... 143
Appendix IV. Inscriptions on London, British Library, MS Add. 27376, fols 188v–189r ...... 151
Appendix V. A List of Places in William Wey’s Pilgrimage Account. ........................ 155
Appendix VI. Sites in and around Jerusalem in Bernhard von Breydenbach’s
Map of the Holy Land ....................................................... 161
Bibliog raphy. ............................................................................... 163
Index of Maps/Map-Based Imagery of the Holy Land ........................................ 173
Index of Places .............................................................................. 174
General Index. .............................................................................. 175
Illustrations
Plates
Plate I. A map of the Holy Land attached to a pilgrimage guide to the Holy Land, Gesta Francorum
Iherusalem expugnatium, Saint Omer, Bibliothèque d’Agglomeration de Saint-Omer, MS 776,
fols 50v–51r. Beginning of the twelfth century. ....................................................xii–xiii
Plate II. A map of Sinai Peninsula and Lower Egypt, Gabriele Capodilista’s
Itinerario di Terra Santa, 1458 (detail of Figure 21).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiv
Plate III. The right-hand section of Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, MS Lat. X 116 (= 3783)
showing Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives with the scene of the Agony in the
Garden at its top (detail of Figure 31). .................................................................xv
Plate IV. A wooden panel showing Friedrich III in the Holy Land (Figure 36),
detail showing Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. ....................................................xvi
Plate V. A wooden panel showing Friedrich III in the Holy Land (Figure 36),
detail showing the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem with the parents
adoring the baby Jesus and the Murder of the Innocents; the Annunciation
to the Shepherds is depicted in front of the church; the encounter of Mary and
Elizabeth, and the fight between David and Goliath are depicted left of the church. ................... xvii
Plate VI. A wooden panel showing Friedrich III in the Holy Land (Figure 36), detail showing
the port of Jaffa; pilgrims are seen in the cellars behind the galley and also approaching
and leaving the city of Rama. ........................................................................ xvii
Plate VII. A proskynetarion of the Holy Land, Château-Musée de Saumur, B. A. LAir 283. 1704. ........... xviii–xix
Plate VIII. A proskynetarion of the Holy Land, Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens, BXM 1837. 1793. ......xx
Plate IX. A proskynetarion of the Holy Land, State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, I 537. 1876. ..........xxi
Plate X. A proskynetarion of the Holy Land, Coptic Museum, Cairo. 1847. .................................... xxii
Plate XI. A proskynetarion of the Holy Land, Monastery of the Holy Cross, Jerusalem. 1770. .................. xxii
viii List of Illustrations
Figures
Figure 1. The Madaba mosaic map, Church of Saint George, Madaba. Third quarter of the sixth century. .... 14–15
Figure 2. Reconstruction of the location of the Madaba mosaic map in the sixth-century Byzantine church. ..... 16
Figure 3. The Madaba mosaic map (Figure 1), details showing architectural signs that mark towns,
villages, and holy places. Gaza is represented by an elaborate sign of a town, with an
intersection of colonnaded streets, two basilical structures with red roofs (churches),
and a theatre. Jericho is represented by a section of a wall with some buildings seen beyond it.
The holy places of Gilgal, Bethabara, Bethagla, and Elisha’s fountain are represented by
basilical structures with red roofs. .................................................................... 17
Figure 4. The Madaba mosaic map (Figure 1), detail showing the meeting place of Abraham and
the angels under the tree at Mamre and the place of baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch. ................. 18
Figure 5. The Madaba mosaic map (Figure 1), detail showing the city emblem of Jerusalem
and a scheme showing the centralization of the Holy Sepulchre in the emblem;
the basilical structures represent churches. ............................................................ 19
Figure 6. The Madaba mosaic map (Figure 1), detail showing the Dead Sea with two boats
and two pairs of sailors (later erased by iconoclasts). .............................................. 22–23
Figure 7. A wooden box containing stones, wood, and earth from Palestine.
Vatican City, Museo Sacro, inv. 61883. Sixth century. ................................................. 27
Figure 8. A scheme of the Holy Land map in Saint Omer, Bibliothèque d’Agglomeration
de Saint Omer, MS 776, fol. 50v (Plate I), with English translations of the Latin inscriptions. .......... 34
Figure 9. A map of the Holy Land, Uppsala Uni ver sity Library, MS C 691, fol. 39. Twelfth century. ............. 36
Figure 10. A scheme of the Holy Land map in Uppsala Uni ver sity Library, MS C 691,
fol. 39 (Figure 9) with English translations of the Latin inscriptions. .................................. 37
Figure 11. A map of the Holy Land, Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale, MS 9823–24, fol. 157r. Twelfth century. ...... 40
Figure 12. A scheme of the Holy Land map in Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale, MS 9823–24,
fol. 157r (Figure 11) with English translations of the Latin inscriptions. ............................... 41
Figure 13. A scheme of a map in London, British Library, MS Add. 10049, fol. 64v that shows the region
extending between the Mediterranean and India with the toponyms in the area of the Holy Land. ..... 44
Figure 14. A map showing the region extending between Armenia and Egypt in Matthew Paris’s
Chronica majora, Cam bridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 26, fols iiiv–ivr. Ca. 1250. . ............. 48–49
Figure 15. A scheme showing the area of the Holy Land in Camb ridge,
Corpus Christi College, MS 26, fol. 4r (Figure 14). .................................................... 50
List of Illustrations ix
Figure 16. A map of the Holy Land, New York, Morgan Library & Museum, MS M.877.
Beginning of the fourteenth century. ............................................................. 52–53
Figure 17. A map of the Holy Land in Marino Sanudo’s Liber secretorum fidelium crucis,
London, British Library, MS Add. 27376, fols 188v–189r. 1330. .................................. 54–55
Figure 18. New York, Morgan Library & Museum, MS M.877 (Figure 16),
details showing Phiala, the ‘well of life giving waters’, and Jael’s tent. ................................56
Figure 19. New York, Morgan Library & Museum, MS M.877 (Figure 16),
detail showing the sign marking Jerusalem. ......................................................57
Figure 20. A map of Jerusalem in Marino Sanudo’s Liber secretorum fidelium crucis,
London, British Library, MS Add. 27376, fol. 189v. ..............................................58
Figure 21. A map of the Holy Land and a map of Sinai Peninsula and Lower Egypt,
in Gabriele Capodilista’s Itinerario di Terra Santa, private collection. 1458. ..................... 64–65
Figure 22. Gabriele Capodilista’s maps (Figure 21): the verso of the Sinai-Egypt map, with the
depiction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, opened onto the map of the Holy Land. .............65
Figure 23. A map of the Holy Land in Gabriele Capodilista’s Itinerario di Terra Santa (Figure 21),
detail showing fire falling from heaven onto the sinful cities from the Book of Genesis. ..............66
Figure 24. A map of the Holy Land, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 389.
Second half of the fourteenth century. ...................................................... 70–71
Figure 25. A list of distances between pairs of places in Palestine, the left-hand part of Oxford,
Bodleian Library, MS Douce 389 (Figure 24) ...................................................72
Figure 26. The right-hand part of Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 389 (Figure 24) showing the area
from the Dead Sea to the Mediterranean and from Bethel to Beersheba. Jerusalem is in the middle,
marked by a large architectural sign; a rhombus containing a clover-like cross marks the site of the
‘Quarentena’ (the forty days) just above it; the Mount of Olives is marked left of the ‘Quarentena’. ....73
Figure 27. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 389 (Figure 24), detail showing the Garden of Eden. ...........73
Figure 28. A map of the Holy Land in Bernhard von Breydenbach’s Peregrinatio in terram sanctam,
Jerusalem, National Library of Israel, Eran Laor Collection, pal 133. 1486. ..................... 76–77
Figure 29. The right-hand part of Bernhard von Breydenbach’s map of the Holy Land (Figure 28)
showing the area of the Sinai Peninsula and Lower Egypt. ........................................78
Figure 30. A map of the Holy Land in Bernhard von Breydenbach’s Peregrinatio in terram sanctam
(Figure 28), detail showing the pilgrims’ galley at Jaffa and the three underground cellars
where they were kept by the Muslims upon arrival. The inscription at the bottom explains
the marks of indulgences throughout the map. ...................................................79
Figure 31. A map of the Holy Land, Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, MS Lat. X 116. Fifteenth century. ......... 80–81
x List of Illustrations
Figure 32. Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, MS Lat. X 116 (= 3783) (Figure 31),
detail showing the sign of Jerusalem. ...........................................................82
Figure 33. Lucas Cranach the Elder, a map of the Holy Land, Jerusalem, National Library of Israel,
Eran Laor Collection, pal 1059. Second decade of the sixteenth century. ...........................89
Figure 34. Lucas Cranach the Elder, a map of the Holy Land (Figure 33), detail showing the Exodus route. ......90
Figure 35. Lucas Cranach the Elder, a map of the Holy Land (Figure 33),
detail showing the sinful cities of Genesis sinking in the Dead Sea. .................................91
Figure 36. A wooden panel showing Friedrich III in the Holy Land, Gotha,
Schloss Friedenstein, Inv. Nr. SG77. After 1503. .................................................93
Figure 37. A scheme of the boundaries of the Holy Land as depicted in the wooden panel
showing Friedrich III in the Holy Land (Figure 36). ..............................................94
Figure 38. Gerard Mercator, Amplissima terrae Sanctae descriptio ad utriusque testament intelligentiam,
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, an early seventeenth-century reimpression (1537). ....... 96–97
Figure 39. Gerard Mercator, Amplissima terrae Sanctae descriptio ad utriusque testament
intelligentiam (Figure 38), detail showing a section of the Exodus route. ...........................98
Figure 40. Gerard Mercator, Amplissima terrae Sanctae descriptio ad utriusque testament intelligentiam
(Figure 38), detail showing a diagram of the arrangement of the tribes around the Tabernacle. ........99
Figure 41. Gerard Mercator, Amplissima terrae Sanctae descriptio ad utriusque testament
intelligentiam (Figure 38), detail showing the Man of Sorrows. ...................................100
Figure 42. John Speed, Canaan, printed by Robert Barker, Jerusalem, Israel Museum,
Trevor & Susan Chinn Collection. 1611. ..................................................102–03
Figure 43. John Speed, Canaan, printed by Robert Barker, Jerusalem, National Library of Israel,
Eran Laor Collection, pal 238. 1611. . .....................................................104–05
Figure 44. John Speed, Canaan (Figure 42), detail showing a plan of Jerusalem
and the Temple’s sacred implements. ..........................................................106
Figure 45. John Speed, Canaan (Figure 42), detail showing Moses and Aaron
on either side of the title cartouche. ...........................................................107
Figure 46. John Speed, Canaan (Figure 43), detail showing the Crossing of the Red Sea. ......................108
Figure 47. John Speed, Canaan (Figure 43), detail showing the Temple. .....................................109
Figure 48. Nicholaes Visscher, a map attached to Numbers 33 in the Dutch States-General Bible,
edition printed by Paulus Aertsz van Ravesteyn, London, British Library, L.11.e.3. 1657. ...........110
