Chpt 10 Chem Of Alcohols And Thiols ( 2)

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by  coicom and sunshine

IMMUNOLOGY
A Short Course
To
Lisa, Jonathan, and Jennifer
R.C.
To
Ilene, Caroline, Alex, and Pearl
G.S.
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IMMUNOLOGY
A Short Course
SEVENTH EDITION
Richard Coico
SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
Geoffrey Sunshine
Heath Effects Institute, and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Coico, Richard, author.
Immunology : a short course / Richard Coico, Geoffrey Sunshine. – Seventh
edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-39691-9 (pbk.)
I. Sunshine, Geoffrey, author. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Allergy and Immunology. 2. Immune System Diseases. 3. Immune
System Processes. 4. Immunity. QW 504]
QR181
616.07′9–dc23
2014023101
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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Cover image: Russell Kightley
Set in 10/12 pt Times by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2015
CONTENTS IN BRIEF
1 11
OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, 1 ACTIVATION AND FUNCTION OF T CELLS, 153
2 12
INNATE IMMUNITY, 11 CYTOKINES, 176
3 13
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, 26 TOLERANCE AND AUTOIMMUNITY, 194
4 14
IMMUNOGENS AND ANTIGENS, 35 COMPLEMENT, 217
15
5 HYPERSENSITIVITY: TYPE I, 233
ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, 47
16
6 HYPERSENSITIVITY: TYPES II AND III, 249
ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS, IMMUNE
ASSAYS, AND EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS, 67
17
HYPERSENSITIVITY: TYPE IV, 259
7
THE GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBODY
18
STRUCTURE, 88
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS AND
NEOPLASIAS OF THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM, 268
8
BIOLOGY OF THE B LYMPHOCYTE, 100
19
TRANSPLANTATION, 298
9
HOW T CELLS RECOGNIZE ANTIGEN:
20
THE ROLE OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY, 312
COMPLEX, 117
21
RESISTANCE AND IMMUNIZATION TO
10
BIOLOGY OF THE T LYMPHOCYTE, 137 INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 328
v

CONTENTS
About the Authors, xv Inflammation, 20
Hallmark Signs of Inflammation, 20
Contributors, xvi
Localized Inflammatory Responses, 21
Preface and Acknowledgments, xvii Chronic Inflammation, 23
How to Use Your Textbook, xix Fever, 23
References and Bibliography, 24
About the Companion Website, xxiii
Review Questions, 24
Answers to Review Questions, 25
1
OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, 1
3
Introduction, 1 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, 26
Innate and Adaptive Immunity, 2 Cells and Organs Involved in Adaptive Immunity, 26
Innate Immunity, 2 The Lymphatic Organs, 27
Adaptive Immunity, 2 Lymphocyte Migration and Recirculation, 29
Clonal Selection Theory, 3 The Fate of Antigen after Penetration, 31
Active, Passive, and Adoptive Immunization, 5 Frequency of Antigen-Specific Naïve
Major Characteristics of the Adaptive Immune Lymphocytes, 32
Response, 5 Interrelationship between Innate and Adaptive
Cells Involved in the Adaptive Immunity, 33
Immune Response, 5 Review Questions, 34
Humoral and Cellular Immunity, 6 Answers to Review Questions, 34
Humoral Immunity, 6
Cell-Mediated Immunity, 7 4
IMMUNOGENS AND ANTIGENS, 35
Generation of Diversity in the Immune Response, 8
Introduction, 35
Benefits of Immunology, 8
Requirements for Immunogenicity, 35
Damaging Effects of the
Foreignness, 35
Immune Response, 9
High Molecular Weight, 36
The Future of Immunology, 9
Chemical Complexity, 36
The Short Course Begins Here, 10
Degradability, 36
References and Bibliography 10
Haptens, 36
Further Requirements for Immunogenicity, 37
2
INNATE IMMUNITY, 11 Primary and Secondary Responses, 38
Introduction, 11 Antigenicity and Antigen-Binding Site, 38
Physical and Chemical Barriers of Innate Immunity, 11 Epitopes Recognized by B Cells and T Cells, 39
Origin, Differentiation, and Characterization of Cells Major Classes of Antigens, 40
of the Innate Immune System, 12 Binding of Antigen with Antigen-Specific Antibodies or
Pattern Recognition: The Hallmark of Innate Immune T Cells, 41
Responses, 15 Cross-Reactivity, 41
Pattern Recognition Receptors, 15 Adjuvants, 42
Complement, 18 References and Bibliography, 44
Intracellular and Extracellular Killing of Review Questions, 45
Microorganisms, 19 Answers to Review Questions, 45
vii
viii CONTENTS
5 Primary Interactions between Antibody and Antigen, 68
ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, 47
Association Constant, 68
Introduction, 47
Affinity and Avidity, 70
Isolation and Characterization of Immunoglobulins, 48
Secondary Interactions between Antibody and
Structure of Light and Heavy Chains, 48
Antigen, 70
Domains, 51
Agglutination Reactions, 70
Hinge Region, 51
Precipitation Reactions, 72
Variable Region, 51
Immunoassays, 74
Immunoglobulin Variants, 53
Direct-Binding Immunoassays, 74
Isotypes, 53
Solid-Phase Immunoassays, 75
Allotypes, 54
Immunofluorescence, 76
Idiotypes, 54
Direct Immunofluorescence, 76
Structural Features of IgG, 55
Indirect Immunofluorescence, 76
Biologic Properties of IgG, 55
Flow Cytometry, 76
Agglutination and Formation of Precipitate, 56
Immunoabsorption and Immunoadsorption, 78
Passage through the Placenta and Absorption in
Cellular Assays, 78
Neonates, 56
Assays of Lymphocyte Function, 78
Opsonization, 57
B-Cell and T-Cell Proliferation Assays, 78
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity, 58
Antibody Production by B Cells, 78
Activation of Complement, 58
Effector Cell Assays for T Cells and Natural Killer
Neutralization of Toxins, 58
Cells, 79
Immobilization of Bacteria, 58
Cell Culture, 79
Neutralization of Viruses, 58
Primary Cell Cultures and Cloned Lymphoid Cell
Structural Features of IgM, 59 Lines, 79
Biologic Properties of IgM, 59 B-Cell Hybridomas and Monoclonal Antibodies, 80
Complement Fixation, 59 T-Cell Hybridomas, 80
Neonatal Immunity and First Line of Humoral Genetically Engineered Molecules and
Defense, 59 Receptors, 80
Agglutination, 60 Experimental Animal Models, 81
Isohemagglutinins, 60 Inbred Strains, 81
Structural and Biologic Properties of IgA, 60 Adoptive Transfer, 82
Biologic Properties of IgA, 60 SCID Mice, 82
Role in Mucosal Infections, 60 Thymectomized and Congenitally Athymic (Nude)
Bactericidal Activity, 61 Mice, 82
Antiviral Activity, 61 Transgenic Mice and Gene Targeting, 82
Structural and Biologic Properties of IgD, 61 Transgenic Mice, 82
Structural and Biologic Properties of IgE, 62 Knockout and Knock-in Mice, 83
Importance of IgE in Parasitic Infections and Analysis of Gene Expression, 83
Hypersensitivity Reactions, 62 Microarrays to Assess Gene Expression, 83
Kinetics of the Antibody Response Following References and Bibliography, 85
Immunization, 62
Review Questions, 86
Primary Response, 62
Answers to Review Questions, 86
Secondary Response, 62
The Immunoglobulin Superfamily, 63
References and Bibliography, 65 7
THE GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBODY
Review Questions, 65
STRUCTURE, 88
Answers to Review Questions, 66
Introduction, 88
A Brief Review of Nonimmunoglobulin Gene Structure
6
ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS, IMMUNE and Gene Expression, 88
ASSAYS, AND EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS, 67 Genetic Events in Synthesis of Ig Chains, 90
Introduction, 67 Organization and Rearrangement of
Antigen–Antibody Interactions, 67 Light-Chain Genes, 90