Chloride Movements Across Cellular Membranes

389 Pages·2006·5.98 MB·English

by  E. Edward Bittar and Michael Pusch (Eds.)

ADVANCESIN
MOLECULARANDCELLBIOLOGY
VOLUME38
Chloride Movements Across
Cellular Membranes
ADVANCES IN
MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY
VOLUME 38
Chloride Movements Across
Cellular Membranes
Series Editor
E. Edward Bittar
University of Wisconsin – Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
Volume Editor
Michael Pusch
Istituto di Biofisica, CNR
Genova, Italy
2007
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Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xi
1. Chloride‐Transporting Proteins in Mammalian Organisms:
An Overview
Michael Pusch
References 6
2. Physiological Functions of the CLC Chloride Transport Proteins
Tanja Maritzen, Judith Blanz, and Thomas Jentsch
I. Introduction 10
II. PhysiologicalFunctionofCLC‐0andMammalianCLCProteins 15
III. CLCProteinsinModelOrganisms 43
IV. SummaryandOutlook 46
References 46
3. Structure and Function of CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters
Alessio Accardi
I. TheStructureofCLC‐ec1,aBacterialCLCTransporter 60
II. StructuralConservationAmongtheCLCs 62
III. IonSelectivity,PermeationandBinding 63
IV. AMulti‐IonPore 64
V. ChannelsandTransporters:WhereIstheDifference? 65
VI. FunctionoftheCLCTransporters 66
VII. SpeculativeModeling 68
VIII. CLCChannelGating 69
IX. TheRoleoftheC‐TerminalDomainofCLCChannels:
RecentDevelopments 77
X. ConclusionsandOutlook 78
References 79
4. Pharmacology of CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters
Michael Pusch, Antonella Liantonio, Annamaria De Luca,
and Diana Conte Camerino
I. Introduction 83
II. ThePharmacologyoftheMacroscopicSkeletalMuscle
Cl(cid:1)ConductancegCl 84
v
vi Contents
III. NewMoleculesTargetingClC-1IdentifiedUsing
HeterologousExpression 88
IV. MechanismofBlockofMuscleTypeCLCChannelsbyClofibric
AcidDerivatives 91
V. TheBindingSitefor9-ACandCPAonClC-1andClC-0and
UseofCPAasaTooltoExploretheMechanismsofGatingofClC-0 96
VI. PharmacologyofCLC-KChannels 98
VII. OtherCLCChannelsandOtherBlockers 101
VIII. PotentialofHavingBlockersofClC-2,ClC-3,ClC-5,
ClC-7:Outlook 102
References 103
(cid:1)
5. The Physiology and Pharmacology of the CFTR Cl Channel
Zhiwei Cai, Jeng‐Haur Chen, Lauren K. Hughes, Hongyu Li,
and David N. Sheppard
I. Introduction 109
II. TheMolecularPhysiologyofCFTR 110
III. TheCellularPhysiologyofCFTR 116
IV. TheRoleofCFTRinEpithelialPhysiology 117
V. ThePathophysiologyofCFTR 120
VI. ThePharmacologyofCFTR 123
VII. Conclusions 137
References 137
6. Gating of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance
Regulator Chloride Channel
Zhen Zhou and Tzyh‐Chang Hwang
I. CFTROverview 145
II. RegulationofCFTRbyPhosphorylation/Dephosphorylation 148
III. CFTRIsanATPase 152
IV. StructuralBiologyofABCTransporters 153
V. MethodsUsedtoStudyCFTRGating 157
VI. CFTRGatingbyATP 160
VII. UnsettledIssuesandFutureDirections 169
References 172
7. Functional Properties of Ca2þ‐Dependent Cl(cid:1) Channels and
Bestrophins: Do They Correlate?
Jorge Arreola and Patricia Pe´rez‐Cornejo
I. Summary 181
II. Introduction 182
III. FunctionalPropertiesofCaCCs 182
IV. MolecularCandidatesofCaCCs 187
Contents vii
V. FunctionalPropertiesofBestrophins 188
VI. ConcludingRemarks 191
References 193
8. Cell Volume Homeostasis: The Role of Volume‐Sensitive
Chloride Channels
Alessandro Sardini
I. Introduction 199
II. CellVolumeHomeostasis 200
III. Volume‐SensitiveCl(cid:1)Channels 203
IV. ConcludingRemarks 210
References 211
9. GABAergic Synaptic Transmission
Andreas Draguhn and Kristin Hartmann
I. PostsynapticGABAResponses 216
II. MolecularCompositionandFunction
ofGABAergic/GlycinergicSynapses 221
III. ModulationofSynapticFunctionsThroughEndogenous
SubstancesandDrugs 228
IV. Perspective:SpecificityofGABAergicandGlycinergic
SignalinginDefinedNetworks 232
References 233
10. Physiology of Cation‐Chloride Cotransporters
Christian A. Hu¨bner and Marco B. Rust
I. Introduction 241
II. TheCation‐ChlorideCotransporterFamily 243
III. Cation‐ChlorideCotransportersintheNervousSystem 250
IV. Cation‐ChlorideCotransportersintheInnerEar 256
V. Cation‐ChlorideCotransportersintheKidney 259
VI. Cation‐ChlorideCotransportersinRBCs 262
VII. Cation‐ChlorideCotransporterandCancer 265
VIII. Cation‐ChlorideCotransportandHypertension 266
IX. ConcludingRemarks 267
References 267
(cid:1) (cid:1)
11. Plasma Membrane Cl /HCO Exchange Proteins
3
Haley J. Shandro and Joseph R. Casey
I. Introduction 280
II. TheCl(cid:1)/HCO(cid:1)Exchangers 280
3
III. DisputedCl(cid:1)/HCO(cid:1)Exchangers 300
3
viii Contents
IV. Structure 301
V. RegulationandInhibitionofCl(cid:1)/HCO(cid:1)Exchange 303
3
VI. Pathophysiology 309
References 312
12. Orchestration of Vectorial Chloride Transport by Epithelia
Peying Fong and Michael A. Gray
I. Introduction 329
II. EpithelialCellStructureandOrganization 330
III. JunctionalProteins:AnOverview 334
IV. ChlorideTransportingProteinsinEpithelia:Channels,Transporters,
andAllThingsinBetween 336
V. PDZProteins:WhatAreThey?WhereAreThey?WhatDoTheyDo? 347
VI. TwoDiseasesInvolvingEpithelialChlorideTransport 351
VII. Summary 356
References 357
Index 369
Contributors
Alessio Accardi Department of Biochemistry, HHMI/Brandeis University, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02454
Jorge Arreola Institute of Physics, University of San Luis Potos´ı, San Luis Potos´ı,
SLP 78000, Me´xico
Judith Blanz Zentrum fu¨r Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg (ZMNH), Hamburg
University, Falkenried 94, D‐20251 Hamburg, Germany
Zhiwei Cai Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
Joseph R. Casey Membrane Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry,
andDepartmentofPhysiology,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta,CanadaT6G
2H7
Jeng‐HaurChen DepartmentofPhysiology,SchoolofMedicalSciences,Universityof
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
Diana Conte Camerino Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento Farmacobiologico,
Facolta` di Farmacia, Universita` di Bari, Italy
Annamaria De Luca Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento Farmacobiologico,
Facolta` di Farmacia, Universita` di Bari, Italy
Andreas Draguhn Institut fu¨r Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, University of
Heidelberg, Germany
PeyingFong TheDepartmentofPhysiology,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolof
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Michael A. Gray Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and School of Bio-
medical Sciences, University Medical School, Newcastle‐Upon‐Tyne, United Kingdom
Kristin Hartmann Institut fu¨r Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, University of
Heidelberg, Germany
ix