China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China

889 Pages·2016·5.68 MB·English

by  John Garver

China’s Quest

China’s Quest
THE HISTORY OF THE FOREIGN
RELATIONS OF THE PEOPLE’S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
John W. Garver
1
1
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Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978–0–19–026105–4
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Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
To Penelope Benson Prime,
doctor and professor of economics,
mother of our two children,
and partner in a lifetime of
curiosity about and love for China

CONTENTS
List of Figures ix
Preface xi
Acronyms xv
1. The Fateful Embrace of Communism and Its Consequence 1
ACT I } Forging a Revolutionary State
2. Joining the Socialist Camp 29
3. War in Korea and Indochina 59
4. The Bandung Era 92
5. The Sino-Soviet Schism: The Race to Communism and Great
Power Status 113
6. Sino-Indian Conflict and the Sino-Soviet Alliance 146
7. Reviving Revolutionary Momentum, 1962–1965 163
8. Revolutionary China’s Quest to Transform Southeast Asia 196
9. Countering the United States in Vietnam: Proxy War
with the United States 232
10. The Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969 259
11. Rapprochement with the United States 286
12. Countering Soviet Encirclement and Trying to Preserve Mao’s Legacy 315
ACT II } The Happy Interregnum, 1978–1989
13. Opening to the Outside World 349
14. China’s Pedagogic War with Vietnam 383
15. The Strategic Triangle and the Four Modernizations 401
16. Normalization with the Asian Powers: Soviet Union, India, Iran,
and Japan 428
ACT III } The Leninist State Besieged; Socialism in One Country
17. 1989: The CCP’s Near Escape and Its Aftermath 463
18. The Diplomacy of Damage Control 485
19. The Crisis Deepens: Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe
and the USSR 505
20. Constraining Unipolarity in an Unbalanced International System 528
21. China and America in the Persian Gulf 557
viii { Contents
22. The Recovery of Hong Kong 578
23. Military Confrontation with the United States 607
24. China’s Long Debate over Response to the US Challenge 634
25. China’s Emergence as a Global Economic Power 674
26. Reassuring and Unnerving the Neighbors: Japan 705
27 Reassuring and Unnerving the Neighbors: India 734
28. China’s Quest for Modernity and the Tides of World History 758
Notes 787
Index 857
LIST OF FIGURES
2-1 Mongolia and Soviet Special Rights in China’s Northeast,
1945–1955 39
2-2 Distribution and Productivity Contributions of 156 Key Soviet
Projects 55
3-1 Tides of War in Korea, 1950–1953 75
3-2 CMAG-Viet Minh Campaigns of 1950–1952 90
5-1 China’s Role in the East European Socialist Camp, 1956–1977 121
5-2 The Offshore Islands 138
6-1 China’s Four Routes into Tibet, circa 1959 147
6-2 Distribution of Soviet Economic Assistance 159
7-1 Main Line of PLA Advance against India, 1962 180
7-2 Formation of the Sino-Soviet/Russian Border 183
7-3 The Third Front (1964–1971) 190
8-1 Laos and the Struggle for South Vietnam 205
8-2 Renmin ribao Reports on Armed Struggle in North
Kalimantan 224
8-3 The PRC’s Revolutionary Quest in Southeast Asia, 1961–1978 228
9-1 PRC Military Aid to the DRV, 1964–1973 239
10-1 Zhenbao Island and the Riverine Border 280
11-1 China, the US and the 1971 India-Pakistan War 309
12-1 The Paracel Islands and the 1974 “Recovery” Operation 323
12-2 Geopolitical Underpinning of Sino-Iranian Entente of the
1970s 339
13-1 PRC Trade, 1950–2011 368
13-2 Guangdong’s Leading Role in Utilization of Foreign Capital 375
13-3 PRC Students and Scholars in the US, 1979–1983 376
14-1 China’s 1979 Punitive War against Vietnam 384
16-1 The Tawang Region and the Sino-Indian Military Balance 441
16-2 Japan’s Role in China’s Foreign Trade, 1978–1998 451
17-1 Percentage of Americans Having a Favorable Opinion of
China 472
17-2 One Hundred National Level Patriotic Education Bases 478
19-1 Chinese Delegation Diplomacy with the Soviet Union,
1989–1991 519
20-1 Sino-Russian Joint Declarations 547
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