China's Environment from Archaic Times to the - East Asian History

46 Pages·2012·4.93 MB·English

r
East
Asian
History
NUMBER6 . DECEMBE1R9 93 THEC ONTINUATIOOFPN apeorns FEaars tHerni story
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MarkE lvi(nC onvenor)
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previouesnltyi tPlaepd eorsnF aEars ternH istTohrye,j o urnails
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Contributtioo Tnhse E ditoEra,sA ts iHains tory
DivisioofPn a ci&fi cA siaHni stoRrye,s earScchh ooolfP aci&fi cA siaSnt udies
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CharlPeast riFcikt zGerald
1902-1992
Foundation ProoffF easrEs aosrt eHrins tory
ResearScchh ooolfP acific Studies
Australian NUantiivoenrasli ty
Two auotgarppha gfeorsm C. P.F igtezradlida'orysf
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� CONTENTS
1 C.p ,F itzGe:r aal dMemoir
MiraFbietlz GWeararladdn Adn thFeiat zGerald
7 ThreTeh ousaYneda rosfU nsuasitnaDbelvee lopment:
China's EnvfirrooAmnr mcheaTniitcm etsot hPer eesnt
MarEkl vin
47 Asu'onoDmaitcfaar lo Amn cieCnhti neRseecd osr:
thRee quirnetmosef H istorRiecsaelaMr ecthh odology
NoeBla rnard
75 Mosetsh,Be a mboKoi ng
DonaDladn iLeels lie
jasay
91 SomeR eflecotniC oinnsg gQiasn 's
IgodreR achewiltz
105 Traciknts he Snow-Epfirsooamdn Ae ust obiographical Memoir
by tMhaen chBua nnmeatnL in-ch'ing
Transblyar taenTdgs ung-ehdainbt,yJe odh Mni nford
143 PolitLiecaadleo rfTs o kushi1m8a6,18 9-12
AndrFeraws er
163 KuH ung-miHnogm:e comgi n
LoHui-min
vi
Covecra lligrYaapnZh hye nqi�rH�ngg� nTa,n cga lligraanpdsh teart esman
Coveprh otroagphR ubbionfag b ase-lri,He sfin-cShziencgh,uP aronv ince
(cP..F itzGeBraarbladri,a Bne ds[ LondCorne:s Psreets 1s9,6 5])
THREET HOUSAND YEARSO F UNSUSTAINABLE
GROWTH: CHINA'SE NVIRONMENT FROM
ARCHAICT IMEST O THE PRESENT
�
MarkElvin
Introduction
Thiess salyo okastt heh istoorfCy h infaor m abou1t0 0B0Ct ot hep resen1tT hem ateriinta hleisss s aaryde r awfnr om
dayf orm thep oinotfv iewo ft hei nteracotfpi oolni teiccosn,o miacnsd,t he thec ourosfel ectutrheaIstd elivienr ed
January-1M9a9ra3tct hh Eec olNeo rmale
environmeIntst h.olw tsh atth erhea veb eent hremea inp haseasn:a rchaic
SuperieiunPr aero in"s L 'hidsetl o'iernev iron­
'ecologeiccoanlo'm siycs teumn taiblo u5t0 B0C a;s ysteomfd evelopmentnaelm eenntC hinIes .h"o ullidtk oet hatnhke
economipcrsi mardirliyv ebny t hen eedosf s tatpeo wert halta stuendt ilt heDni recAtdejuoorift n htEe N SD,rM arianne
abouADt 100a0n;da r elatimvaetluyre ec onomsiycs tepmr imardirliyv beyn Bastid-Brfuohrge ukrii enrdeni,enm s ask ing
availtaomb elt eho ipsp orttuocn riytsyt allize
them arkesti ncteh atti met,h aits f ollowitnhge ' mediaeevcaoln omic
somoefm yi deoants h siusb jienicn tt eraction
revolutainodno ,n2d ownt ot hee stablishomfCe onmtm unirsutl ien 1 949w.i tah fr ienbdulctyr iictaaul dieSntceev.e
Thep opulateixopna nddeudr itnhg ipse riodp,a rtilnty h efo rmo fi ncreasDeodd dpsr ompttheEedn glviesrhs wiiothnhi s
invittaodt eiloianvp earpae thr i cso nference
spatdieanls iatnyd,p artilnty h efo rmo fg eographeixcpaaln siforonm ac ore
on' SustaWienlalebi-lnBeag tt' h Ae. N.iUn.
inn ortChh inaT.o somed egreheo,w eveirt,w asa lseof efctebdy the
Jul1y9 9a3n,dI sholuiklaedl s tooe xpress
incorporoafto itohnep re oplesso,t 3h atth et rurea toefg rowtmha yn oth ave myg rautdiett oh imf otrh icsh alleAnn ge.
beenq uitaess pectacausil ta ra ppIena( rvse.r ryo)u nndu mbers, the Cehsipneecasiceak ln owledtgoeomt,eoS n atm,s on
Rive(rCsh iYaanngg -miIi�nj;g BwJf)i,th out
populatgiroenwf o rm ove5r 0m illiboenof ret hee ndo ft hef irmsitl lennium
whoshee lipnt racrkeifneegnr ctehswi osr k
BCt oo ve1r 0m0i llisohno rtalfyt ADer 100t0h,e tno o ve2r 00mi llieoanrl y wouhlad vbee ehna rdt o fmMiycs ohl.l eague
int hee ighteecnetnht utroyo ,v e4r0 0mi lliboyn abo1u8t5 a0n,df inatlol yD r NSiun g$hu'T /i't,as a lways, provided
over1 00m0i lliaottn h ep resent Tdhaeay p.p arelnotn g-tperrem- modemi ndispebnisbalbiloegg ruaipdhaiinncc et he
domaoifnC hinese slciiteenratanitdfu irce
annuarla toefg rowtthh uross ef orm abou0t. 70%d uritnhgef irsmti llennium
prosfieosnhaellw pi tthh hey drolaongdy ,
AD to0 1.%d urinmgo sto ft hes econmdi llennituoam b,o u0t. 5i%nt he myd ebttoh imi se vidaenndst u bstantial.
eighteeanntdhn ineteecnetnht urainedst, h ent o0 6.5%d urintgh ee arly The presenotft hvpieasrp sewirao stn h e
modeme pochI.th asb eeno ver1 %f orm osto ft heC ommunipsetr iod.b asoifs Atnhneu Laelc touftr heCe e ntfroer
ModerCnh ineSsteu diate s ASntt ony's
Theb roacdh aracteroifps rtoidcusc tainodne xchandguer intgh et hree
ColleOgxfeo,dr ed,le irve1d1M ay1 994.
periodwse rea sf ollowIsn:t hef irstth erwea sa significcaonmtp oneonft Plenaostete h Cahti nietssr ea nsclrOiVbEeRd
7
8 MARKE LVIN
/inttoonp ailn yuinns:o unpdoesdt -v'orc'ha ulnitci nfigs,h infgo,w lingga,t herianngdh, e rdiinngt hee conomyv,a rying
an'dh i'n ditcha2etn ead n 4dt tho nreess,­ regionawliltymh,i llbeeti ntgh es tapcleer ehaelm,p t hem ainc lothfiibnrge ,
pectiavneaddl oyu,b mlaeidvn o wtehl3e r d.
ands mall-sdcraalien aagnedf lood-prevenftoicounos fh t yhder aulic works.
2 At erimnr toduacnejddu stiiMnfi .Ee ldv in,
Thep atterno ft hCeh inpeass(etS tanfIonrt dh:es econtdh erwee rel argsetra t(esso oonf ' Europesainz'ae n)d t hen­
StanUfnoirvde Prrsei1st9sy7, p3 t)2, . fojru sutn dehra ltfh ep eriod-uan ifieEdm pirseo,m em assicviet i(e1s0 5
3 Foerx amptlhepa,ot r toifto hne Y(uoerhi n habitaans tsh)it,fo ta m orep urealgyr icultural setcimolanlio nmlbyya, s ed
'Vipeeto'p)wl heo l iviendw h aitsn ow ond ry-fiefladrm ingw,i4t lha rge-sacratliefi icnilaalwn adt er-tra(nosftpeonr t
southZehrenrj iaanndgF uIjioanth hne
initifaolmrli yl itaursye sa)n ds omel argier rigastcihoenm etsh,el imitaendd
southc-oeaasstt .
state-conmtarroklelstey ds tem bperiinmga rdirliyv beynt ax-extrfaucntdesd
4T hew et-ficeulldt iovfar tiimcoaeny g o
bactkot hNee oli(tc4h.0i 0Bc0 ei )np laceasn dt hep rofitosfl argees tatIenst .h et hirda,s t hed emograpcheinct re of
litkhese o utheronf Harn sghzohroeuB ay gravisthyi ftesdo uthwartdhseY amgzivia llewye,t -fielilcde a griculture
(Zherjiinwa hnaigtns) o w' ChiSneaWe'u .r dominattehde m oste conomicaaldlvya ncerde gionisr,r igastyisotne ms
Weirtarng ��*",C ornXign shirqih-shirdaih
prolifercaottetdob,ne camet hem ainc lothifinbgr et,h ee conomwya s
wernhuyaihr zkhaihiHn a rngzhou-wan
liaan-gd-Qeau harnnx in-gsuhduii hh[T lhiei "e xtensivmeolnye tizeadn,d t hem arkesty stewma s decontroalnlde d
Holocepnael aeo-geoofbg ortsahhp ohryee sx pandeedn ormouswliyt,ho rdinacroyn sumedre mandn ow beintgh e
ofH arngzhoBua yr ecorncustteodn t he
maind rivifnogr cIen.t his tpheirridot dh erwea sq uitsei gnificlaintte racy5
basoifNs e olictuhlitcru ermaaliD nish]l,i i
andn umeracbya,s eodn w oodblopcrki ntainndtg haeb acuasn,da g radually
xuerf.Jao3h8. (J2u n1e9 8p3p).,1 24-5.
5 E.R awsEkdiau,tc iaonn dppoulalriterdaecvye loppirnogc eosfs' urbdaenv olutitohnam'te6 a ntth aatd ditiuornbaaln
iCnh ' ing C(hAniAnnr abMo irc,Uh n.i:v erpsoiptuyl attieonnd etdob ef ounmdo stilnys ettlemoefns tmsa ltlom ediusmi ze
ofM ichiPgraens1 s9,7 9p)p,. 14h0afsf (.,>1 0 3a nd< 105i nhabitaAnttst )h.ee ndo ft hitsh irpde rioidn,t hel ate
estimtahtbaeytld a te-itmipmpeeersri haalp s
seventeeanntdeh i ghteecnetnht urcieerst,a iimnp ortNeedw Worlcdr ops
30%t o4 5o% fa dumlatl heassd o mdee gree
sucah sm aizaen ds weepto tatobeesc ameex tensicvuelltyi viantu epdl and
ofu sefluilt earnadc2 y%t, o 1 0%o ft he
women'.l iteirnaa cCyh'i necsuel tuarraela wsh,i leex trlaa nadv ailafbolrfe u rtheerf fort-efficliaetnet- traditional
context becs aennnsoitb lyi nad ne firniecde -faromrli onwgl anddr y-falhmaindvg i rtucaolmleyt oa ne ndq utside
'eithfears/hobiruo'otn n ,l iynt eromfsa
Manchuriaan,d7a 'higlhe'v eolf y ieldpse rh ectabrye 'pre-modern'
plaocnea ne xtenrdaendtg hera taf nro m
keepaicncgo uanntdrs e adailnmga naatc sst andardsa-tvheer argiecy ei epledr h ectabreei nogft heo rdeorf6 k iloliters
oneen tdo t hmea stoefart ye reslellyi ptwiictlaha lt e-tradtietcihonnoallo gt-bheaedna chievienmd o str egio'nHso.t ­
higlhi tesrtayprlayec kweidth hi stoarnidc saplo tm'o dern economigcr owthi,n cludainn ge xtensiavceq uisibtyi on
litearlalruysa itto honets h er.
Chineosfew hatw ast hen modern technoloignyt ,h el baetdgeearcn a des
6 At erimn troadnujdcu esdt iinMfi. Ee ldv in,
oft hen ineteecnetnht uirnyp lacleis kSeh ahnghtahaaiht a db eeno pened
"Chinceistseii enstc heSe u ndgy nasitny ,"
Townisns ocieedtP.i.A e bsr,aam nsEd . A . by them odern Westt oi ntematitornaadlae n dl inkeidn ttoh ew orld
Wrig(lCeaym brCiadmgber:Ui ndigvee resciotnyo myb,u9ti hta rdslpyr eaadta liln ttoh eh interlfaonarld o ntgi mea,n d
Pre1s9s7,p8 p).,8 1-2. haso nltyo a limiteexdt ednotn es on ow.
7
Thceo rrehcits tonraimfceoa trlh r ee gion
Certalionn g-tpeartmt ecrnasn b ed etectFeodre. x amplteh,ec limaitne
thhaatbs e coimnet ,hp er esceenntt tuhrey ,
nortChh inhaa sb eens hownb yZ hurK eezhe�ntiJ � ando thetor sh ave
so-ca'lTlhNeroder et h-easterno fP rovinces'
Chinbauwt,h iwcahs a,s ifdreot mhv ea llfleuyc tuactoendS iderdaubrliytn gh eh istorpiecrailo dF.rloOm3 000to 1 00B0C
oft hrei vleira boarrr,et doH ahCnh inetsheem eana nnuatle mperatwuarsae b ou2t° C hightehra init st odaAy c.l ear
migrabtyit ohnMe a ncrhuul uenrtsti hle
shitfotc oldweera thbeerg aanr ountdh es taorftt hef lfStm illennBiCuB.my
lathearol fft hnei neteceenntthu ry.
thet hircde ntuADr yt hem ean anntueamlp eratwuarsef rom1 °C to2 °C
8 Seef,oe rx ampJl.eB ,uL .cL ka, nudt iliz­
atiionCn h i(na1 9r3e7p;re idNn.et,wY orkb:e lowt hep reselnetv ealn,d e arliynt hef ifctehn tutrhye e ntigruel off
Parag1o9n6p,4. )2,2 6, whCihcihn asB,ho orwhasWJa �i froze soilnwi idn teBryt. h see venctehn tutrhyi s thraedbn ede n
aso f1 929-33a garnidc ulsttuirrlaellv leyr saendd,a m arked warhmaidno gc currreeda,c hianb gr imeafx imum
unmodernisziegdn,i fiscuarnptalisyns ed
int hee ightche nturayta bout1 °C abovep resent-mdeaayn a nnual
averpaegre- herciytciaeer olend lbsyy I taly
(wheirtcesu ltiwvaarste isotnrt ihoci tgehdlt ye mperature.
favouarraebaltseh) o,uC ghhi nwehseea t Thec olrde tumesdu ddenaltty h es taolftt het welfctehn tuLrayk.Te a ih
THRETEH OUSAYNEDA ROSF U NSUSTAIGNRAOBWLTEH 9
:t�,atl ati3t1uN0d,f e r oszoel iintd h wei ntoef1r 1 1a1si,d t i adg aiin1n 3 29/ yieplehdres c twaerroeen lhya olftf h oisne
an1d 35a1n,fd o utri mients h see cohnadol fft hsee ventceeennttuFhrr yo.m GreaBtr itaatti hnti ism e.
110t0oj usbte fo1r9e0 t0h mee ana nnutaelm peratthuoruevg,ah t yi9n Fgo rtcohroeetf h fier st irnedvuoslturtiiaol n,
thee ngineearnidm nagc hine-building
considesrtaabylaeytad, p proxim1a0Ct beellyo iwtp sr esleenvtTe hle.
industthrtey w,ov olumoefhs i storical
econoemfifce ocfct lsi mcahtaen agreme u ltipleo:fc eyriecearllod apsrs e materSihaalhsn,g haaGio-nsgh-ishh ang
sensibtoittvhoet hlee voefil n solaantdito otn h qeu antaintdty i mionfg Xi rngzhGeuhanagn lainiSd-h jauhrn,g haai­
shiDhi h-Jyii- diGaohnng yehe-djsu,r ,
precipitthaaetl itoint;u de of pcouslstiibvvlaaetr iicoeensr ewailt h mean
Shabngmhiarnazjiuiq rig ho ngy[eThh e
annutaelm peramtaunrfryeu ;it tr eesa ttd eimep erabteulroaewr s e latively
Chinneosne- govermnamcehnitnael- build­
shardpelfiyn leidm ciotlw;di ntcearshn e ltpoc ontirnoslep cetsastn sfd u ngailni gn duisnSt hrya hng(Bheaeii)Zj hionngg:­
diseawsienstf;er re ezaiffnegct thsue s oef w ater-trsaynsstp(eosmrustac sh huaSrh uj1u9r7,9p )r,o vdiodceu mentary
prootfha Cth inese-aonwdCn heidn ese­
thGer anCda naaln)ds, o o nI.mt ayb en otetdh amta jor dowonftt huern s
manageendt erpirnSi hsaehsn ghaai had
meana nnual temperature very trhorumegaehj lopyrr ec­oincided with
masteallreb dua th andofftu hlte e chnologies
modeprno litaincda lc utlrtaunrsail(t 1it)oh rnees p:l aceomfte hnSeth angt henne cesfsoaarm r oyd eemc ono(mtyh e
staitnNe o rtChh inbayt hZeh oaut t heen do ft hsee comnidl lenBnCi,u emx ceptbieoinsnseg c tloirkasev iatbiyo n)
thtei moeft hoeu tbroeaftk hP ea ciWfiacr
andp,e rhamposr iem portantthlbeyr ,e akuipno gft heW esteZrnh ou
inm id-1937.
dominbiyot nh een do ft hfier sqtu arotfet rhfi er smti llenBnCi;(u 2mt) h e1 0S eet hseu mamryC,h uK o-ch[eZnh ur
gradduiasli nteogfrt aheteai roulnny i fiQeidrn /Hahn/Wesetmeprni-rJeKi,enez he"nH)o,Cw h incal'ismh aactshe a nged
whicwha su ndewra yb yt heen do ft hsee cocnedn tADu,ta yn dd efinitiovve5er, 0Y0e0a rCsh,i"Rn eaco nst2r2.u9c ts
byt hset aorftt h feo urctehn tuarnyd(; 3t )h dee cloifnt ehm ei ddelmep ir(eS e1p9t7.T3 h)Ce.h inese-olrainggiunaagle
isi dem"Z,h ongjgiuhwonur u qian-niam­
oft hTea rng/Sowhinttghh,l e o osfsn ortChh itnoan on-Chirnuelisen1e 1 26,
laqiirhhboiuahh nqcihaunb-yudaher njiuh"
andt hleo sosft hseo uitnh1 27t9o,g etwhiettrhh een dionftg l m1eed iaev[aPlr eliimnivneasrtyii gnattthocie ho annsg es
econormeivco luStiinoccnle.i miaostn elo yn ef acatmoorn mga nya,n dt l1ein C hincal'ism dautrei tnhgle a s5t0 00
yearKsa)aou,gu x uerb1( a1o9h7Z 2h)u.r 's
siozeft hsea mpolfce a sietssh rneoett,o mou cshh ounledc essbaemr aidley
methowdhsi,ca hrbe a sicpahlelnyo logical
oft hiIstis. w ortnho tihnogw,e vtehra,Et. S .K ulpsitnr,e stshia"nttg l 1(ei t.heae.n aloyfti hrsee corcdherdo nological
ancesotfot rhCseh ineisnte h»se e comnidl lenBnCil uimvi enad n arrowv,ar iaitnti horena sn gaenssd e asoofkn esy
fertsitlroeifw p e tlaanldosnt ghm ei ddalnedl owecro urosfte h Yee llomwa rkpelra nantdsb iradnsda nimaalrse) ,
descriibnZe hdu Kre ezhaenndY uan
Rivecrl,ot soee x tenvsiirvfgeio nr efsutolsflr hinoceelreopsh,at natpsi,r s,
MiinwYBetitith mW,u hhouh-[xPuheenro ­
bamboo-arnadot tsh seurb troapnidtc raolp ainciamla ilnas c ,l imvaetrey
log(yB)e eiKjeihnxgu:Ce hru baansheh,
humicdo mpatreotd h aotft hper esdeanyta, st hseu mmemro nsocoanm e 197S3o)m.me o re rsetcuedonifCte h si nese
fUlthenro rattht hitsi maes,s iagm nasj orro lient hfeo rmatoifoc nl assihciastlow reaitchapelar t taerrnsesu mmarized
inR .S .B radQlueayt, ernaryp aleoclimato­
Chinescei vilitzota htteir oanu mattioca c sohlidcfeltri miantt hepe e riod,
logy.M etdhowjpaleoclrecionstrucmtatioinc
thaitsb ,e tweaepnp,r oximtahteeel leyv,e nthc/ennitnuatrnhidt e hsfte f th(/B osUtnowniH:ny ma1n9,8 c5h).,pasl sim1.,
thicredn tuBreiI.Ie s 11E duaSradl manKouvlipcCihhn e, loiv ek
Anothleorn g-trteenrwdma sd rainaangdre e clamaTthiutoshn he.u gep rirov daK ita[eM aann dn atuirnCe h ina)
(MoscNoawu:k1 a9,9 p0p).,3 71-94I6a1 .m,
inlamnadr shneesat rh meo utohft hYee llRoiwv aenrda lotnhgc ee ntral
gratteoDf ruJ lo hFni ncfhoemrro skti ndly
courosfte h Yea rngzwieirm eo stdlrya iinnet dh fier spte riaondde arilny
bringai cnogpo yf t hibso obka cfkr om
thsee conMda.s sirveec lamoafts ieoan- csoaalstt- mianar nsdnh e atrh e Russfioamr e .T hiwsa rmm,o ispth ase
moutohft hYea rngzoicic urraettd h een od ft hsee coanndad t t hbee ginnisnhgou blesd e einnt hceo ntoeftx htle o nger­
tercmh andgeessc riiWnbu erCd h e�rn tt.
oft hteh ird, tlote hacedr ienagto ifa od ny kepdo ldera-rleiaannJ di angnarn
Huaroepeiirn gyuasrniah hwn-niarn-/air
thawta si nm anyw aysc omparatboHl oel lalnidk.e wtihseerw ea s zhirahrnuarn jihynaga nbi[Cahhann ges
deforesatnadst tiroinp opfvi engge tactoivoienrnn ortChh indau ritnhge int hnea tuernavli ronomfte hnNeto rth­
secopnedr ioonda scallaer egneo ugthoc ausienc, o njuncwtiitohCn h inpal aoivne trh ela s4t0 ,00y0e ars)
(Beeijing: ZhJoinhgsgChuhuourr­ Kexuer
strateguincv ailalbyl e soyfrs itvleeemrvs e eexst,e nmsainv-em a'dnea tural'
baans1h9e9,2e )s,pp .p .105I-s 1h4ou.l d
disasitnte hrleso weYre llRoiwv Tehri.ps r ocreesasc hafie rds btul te sselritk oet haDnrkL aCih -ik ofnogtr h gei offt
maximuema rilnty h teh ipredr iwohde,nt hrei velro'wsec ro ursshei fttehdbi oso k.
10 MARKE LVIN
12 Calculaftriotomhn fiesg urgeisv ebny souotfht hSeh andopnegn insaunldtah ,ea ng rand ctloiwmaartxdh esen d
XurH aaili�a11ih;;tng," Huamgxhiearh ­oft hter aditeimopni(areeli ghtaenednni tnhe teceenntthu rtihpeers o)c,e ss
your-ddueil jiih sfhaizih aqausnh i[Thh"e
tos omeex ternets taditienn ogvo a fttehsreh iifntt hr ei vecro'usrb saecn ko rth
histaonrdtrey n d ofd evelopomfet nhte
i1n8 531-25I 5nt. hliasps atrto ft hteh ipredr iaostd h,ce u ltivoafut piloann d
sedimendtepaorsyii ntt hsle o wreera ches
oft hYee llRoiwv eZrho)n,gg usohrul uiihc rops--<:himeafilzayen sdw epeott atoes-osfptroeennaa s d h,i ftbiansgi S,
xuerb7a (o1h9 90i)n dictahtafeto trh e thewraesa ' holocoaftu hsfeto 'r eisnmt asn pya rotfCs h intah altem fots t
peri1o1d9 4-1t8ht5eo5 t vaelr taicccarle tion
oft hceo unsuhyO olfat c ceswsoiob(dlM ea nchounrcimeao reex cepatte d)
ofd epossietdeidm aettn htme o utohft he
southcerno urwsaes9 .8m8e teOrnst .h e thbee ginnoiftn hge moadge(emt hiasct,. 1900).13
horizosnetaawlae rxdt enosfis oonm 9e0 Ifn umeroduest aairliesg norieitdsp , o ssitbosl aety h atthl eo ng-term
kmd uritnhgip se risoedYe e hQ ingchator enodfb asiecx ploitoaftt hieeo nnv ironwmaesnt to warmdasx imal
Pt1ftlI,"S hihlSuuhbnef eeii h-Huamgher
'arablitzhaaitsuti s ofeno 'cr,e recaull tivaasot pipoonst eord e arsitnogic nk
sanjiaao-fzahyou[uhO-"ntd hede e velop­
menotft haeb andoYneeldl Roiwv deerl tah erdosrr, e lioannnc oen -fsaormu rocfef so ofdr ofmo restwse talnadn ds.14
inn orthJeirna npgrsouv iDnicehx]l,ui ehr A­rabflaei mciansngu ppaod retn speorp ulatthiaoontn h terra dimtoidoensa l
bao4h1 .O2u ne1986). ofe nvironemxepnltoailTt haetrwieao asnl .sa lo o ng-ttreertnmhd o,u wgiht h
13F oarp relimoirniaernyts aetteih meoa np manyc omplextiotwiaertsdh,spe r ivatiozfla atnidopenrd o petrhtaiyts, ,
onp .6o6fN avIanlt ellDiigvein[scUie.o Kn. ),
awafyr osmt atel-arnudn- dissuy'sitbeuamtindsod,eJn a ctcoo llectoifv e use
Chiprnoap e(rE dinbuHrMgShO:1, 9 45),
vol.3. non-arraebsloeus rucceah'ss m ountaanimdna sr sh(hseasz'ner LlJ�t)ou, s e
14S eteh ceo mmenbtyts hJ ee surietssi detnhtte r aditpihorna1as5Oel n. l hyy drasuylsitcew mhsi,ct he ndteobd e r ubny
inB eeiijinn gnC ohritinhna t heei ghteetnhtshe t awthee rteh ey weraen ddl eafregneis nin vaet u(rseu cahss ea-walls
centutrrya,n sblyaM t.Ee ldv 'i'nT,th eec h­andl eveaelso mnagj roirv earnsdb) y,c ollectuinvdiestrti asetusep ervision
noloogffy a nniinnl ga te-traditional China,"
inT heC hinaesgriec ulteucraonlo emd.y ,w hetnh ewye rfeo irr rigeastciaoptneh,tdi r se 16nP dr.i vlaatned perdo perty,
R.B arkaenrRd . S in(hBao ulCdoelWr.e,:s t­botihnt eromfs uonfoi wtsn ersahniudpn iotfas c toupaelr atailsotone ,n ded
viePwr es1s9,82 p)p,. 14-15. tob ecommeo raen dm orfer agmetnotweadrt dhesen do ft heem piArse .
15T hec oncoepfpt r opeirnlt ayt e-impreeriagla orwdnse rsthhiiwpsa, s t hree suolftt h Ceh inessyes toefmp aitible
Chiwnaasn otth dati stfarnottmh meo dem inherictoamnbcienw eidta hr elatnievwde ilsyi ncloiftn hareti ictohopn u t
WestE uropecaonn ceipntt ,h aittw as
themiorn eiyn tfoa rmlaanndsd o b uiulpdn ewl arhgoel dipnegrsh,a ps
indiv(iwdiuatac hle rtfaaimni lbiisaatsni)dc
commerciatlhiozuegdh, aw siltihg htbleyc auostehf eorr omfsi nvestnmoewpn rto mibseetdrt eetru Arnssr .e gards
stronger oentm hpriehg ahtstoai p sa rticuolpaerr atiwitao snt ,hc eo nsequoethfne c hei ghperro ducpteihrve icttyoa fr e
technolodgeifciaunlseladyg o efa n atural
garden-usltuy-lae- Iaboucru-litnitveantsiiovne.
resouHrecnecfi.es hiwnigtn he tasn dw ith
Thet itolfte hp er eseesnstia sty h ereofnolaryp e a radionax p pearance.
cormoriantn htsesa mgei vbeond oyfw ater
mighbteq uidties triingchottf ps r operTthy,es tyolfee cso noemxipcl oiotfta hteeinv o inr onamdeonptt aetld e,aa sftte r
ansdo ladn bdo ugshetp araSteTeeel rya.d at heec ologsieclafl-lcyo rneSsCtiroOafUt iShfin ert ps etr iwoedrn eo to,v etrh e
Hiro�a kili l "�Ch iiogJ!ko,ikn uns ioe kie ru
verlyo nrugn ,s ustaiinnaa s btleeafOlm ,d y especgiiavltelhnyae p parently
shizneorn y ay[iiT"ho ew nersohfni apt ure
inC hiinnpa o st-medtiiameeivsRna] el,k isuhnic otnrolltaebnldeeo nftc hype o pulantoioton nlt yog rowb,u tto g roawt
noik esrhui [zNeanti unhr ies teodrG.yo )t,a ane ver-incrraeTtaheseC.i h nign eesceo nosmuyr vitvheemdsi el leannndi a,
Akifri:a ifieBtaJ! l( .T okIywoa:n a1m9i8,9 )i.n f adcitrd e markwaeblflloya r t imqeu,i ptoes silbelaydt ihnwego rilndt he
Mongnoolm adsitco ck-rienca ornitnrga,s t,
middcleen tuorfti hemesi ddalgee s, biemtca asutsenere ewtd e chnological
wasf oundoendt hei nterloncokni­ng
skislulcsah sh ydraulsiocpahlilsyti irricgaattreeiddc e-faarnmdi nbge,c ause
alienuasbalgreei ghotfks i- ng rouSpese.
YoshidaJi5uiln'liJcI"hYIii J1i-b,ok nuim iiwnt a sco ntailnleuyx pandiinntfgor e rsehs ouarrceseau sc ahTs a irwiantn h e
totntose h izneorn y ay[iiT"ho ew nersohfi lp atseerv entceeennttuthrh fyea, sr o uwtehs-itnt heea rnliyn eteceenntthu ry,
nature naommoandigsn t] h,se a mveo lume.
andM anchubreiyao tnhdUe a orri vvearl lienty he ea rtlwye ntcieentthu ry.
I woulldi kteo t hank Professor Shiba
Yoshin!!Jio biB!uft frnohr i ksi ngdi oftf a The' fillinogfu- suapbl'la ent dh,ee r osainoddn e gradoafts iooionlp se ned
copoyft hbioso k. upi nu nsuitpalbalcteeh sde,i fficuolfit niteesn sfiafiymiainnngfUyg l ther
(pritootr h aev ailaob'fim loidtesymc 'i entific-iinnpdututshs)eet,x r hiaauls ­
tioonfp rofit0apbPlOel tu(niiontt ihewesor r dosfs, u itpalbalcefe osnr)e w