China and Eastern Europe 1960s-1980s Proceedings of the International Symposium

244 Pages·2004·1.87 MB·English

ETH Library
China and Eastern Europe
1960s-1980s
Proceedings of the International Symposium:
Reviewing the History of Chinese-East European
Relations from the 1960s to the 1980s, Beijing, 24-26
March 2004
Conference Proceedings
Publication date:
2004
Permanent link:
https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004847336
Rights / license:
In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted
Originally published in:
Zürcher Beiträge zur Sicherheitspolitik und Konfliktforschung 72
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Zürcher Beiträge
zur Sicherheitspolitik und Konfliktforschung Nr. 72
Xiaoyuan Liu and Vojtech Mastny (eds.)
China and Eastern Europe,
1960s–1980s
Proceedings of the International Symposium:
Reviewing the History of Chinese–East European
Relations from the 1960s to the 1980s
Beijing, 24–26 March 2004
Hrsg.: Andreas Wenger
Forschungsstelle für Sicherheitspolitik
der ETH Zürich

Inhaltsverzeichnis
Preface 5
The Editors 7
Opening Session 19
Session One:
Chinese–Eastern European Relations within the Context
of the Sino–Soviet Split 29
Session Two:
China, Eastern Europe, and the Vietnam War, 1964–1973 53
Session Three:
The Effects of the Cultural Revolution on the Relations
between China and Eastern Europe, 1966–1969 81
Session Four:
Chinese–Eastern European Relations after Czechoslovakia
and the Sino–Soviet Border Clashes, 1968–1972 101
Session Five
The Impact of the Sino–American Rapprochement
on Chinese–Eastern European Relations, 1968–1972 131
Session Six:
The Mutual Effects of the Reforms in China
and Eastern Europe, 1978–1989 147
Session Seven:
The Road to Normalization in Chinese–Eastern European
Relations, 1976–1989 173
Roundtable Discussion 195
Closing Session 221
3

Preface
On 24–26 March 2004, the Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw
Pact (PHP) held an international seminar on “Reviewing Relations between
China and East European Countries from the 1960s to the 1980s” in Beijing.
Of particular interest were topics such as the security implications of the
US-Chinese rapprochement, China’s policies toward the Warsaw Pact and
NATO, Soviet perceptions of China as an ally of the West, bilateral rela-
tions between China and the member states of the Warsaw Pact other that
the Soviet Union, and Sino-Albanian relations.
The seminar brought together a selected group of Chinese and East
European officials who were involved in the mutual relations as diplomats or
party officials in the 1960–80s. The conference was organized by the Party
History Research Center of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of China and the Parallel History Project, in cooperation with the Cold War
International History Project (CWIHP) at the Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars, the George Washington University Cold War Group
(GWCW), both in Washington, DC, and the Cold War Studies Centre at the
London School of Economics. It was the first time the Chinese Party History
Research Center organized an international conference with a foreign partner.
The conference proceedings will allow interested scholars and an interested
wider public to follow the fascinating roundtable discussion of former Chi-
nese and East European diplomats and Western and Chinese scholars.
The Center for Security Studies launched the Parallel History Project on
NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP) in late 1998, together with the National
Security Archive at George Washington University and the CWIHP, both
in Washington, D.C. The aim of the project is to provide new scholarly per-
spectives on contemporary international history by collecting and analyzing
formerly secret governmental documents from both NATO and Eastern and
Central European archives.
Coordinated by Vojtech Mastny, Senior Fellow of the National Security
Archive, the Parallel History Project evolved into an international consortium
of more than twenty partners, bringing together leading Cold War histori-
ans, archivists, and government officials. PHP researchers have collected
thousands of pages of material on security related issues from the Cold War
period. They present their findings to the academic community at conferences
5
and through print and online publications. The PHP has organized several
major international conferences on war planning and intra-bloc tensions. On
its website (www.isn.ethz.ch/php), the PHP has published a large number of
online documents on central issues such as mutual threat perceptions and
alliance management, including a collection on “China, the Warsaw Pact,
and Sino-Soviet Relations under Khrushchev and Mao” (October 2002).
The Center for Security Studies is very pleased to publish the English
version of these important proceedings in its series “Zürcher Beiträge zur
Sicherheitspolitik und Konfliktforschung”. Its Chinese version is available
in full-text on the PHP website.
October 2004
Prof. Dr. Andreas Wenger
Director of the Center for Security Studies (CSS)
6
The Editors
Xiaoyan Liu ([email protected]) is Associate Professor of History at Iowa
State University at Ames. A specialist in Chinese nationalism, ethnic con-
flicts in Chinese Central Asia, Chinese- American relations, and East Asian
international history, he is the author of Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics
and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921–1945 (Woodrow Wilson Center
Press and Stanford University Press, 2004).
Vojtech Mastny ([email protected]) is a Senior Fellow at the National
Security Archive in Washington and PHP coordinator. A specialist in Euro-
pean international history, he has been professor at Columbia University,
University of Illinois, US Naval War College, Boston University, and the
Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. His The Cold War
and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (Oxford University Press, 1996) was
the winner of the American Historical Association’s 1997 George L. Beer
Prize.
The proceedings of the seminar, conducted in English and in Chinese, were
recorded on tapes and interpreted simultaneously. In addition, a Chinese
stenographic record was taken. Xiaoyuan Liu transcribed the English parts
from the tapes and translated as well as transcribed the remaining parts of
the proceedings from the stenographic record. Vojtech Mastny edited the
transcribed text.
The Chinese stenographic record of the proceedings is available on the PHP
website, www.isn.ethz.ch/php.
7

Beijing Seminar on China and Eastern Europe
in the 1960–80s
The PHP held its second major international conference on March 24–26,
2004, in Beijing, under the title “Reviewing Relations between China and
East European Countries from the 1960s to the 1980s” (see Program). Orga-
nized jointly with the Party History Research Center of the Central Commit-
tee of the Chinese Communist Party, the seminar brought together former
Chinese and East European diplomats for a roundtable discussion with
Western and Chinese scholars. The London School of Economics Cold War
Studies Centre, Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wil-
son International Center for Scholars (CWIHP) and the George Washington
University Cold War Group (GWCW) were the cooperating institutions. In
the early stages of the preparation, the Modern History Research Center and
Archives and the School of International Relations, both at Peking University,
had also been involved.
The seminar was the first time the Chinese Party History Research
Center organized an international conference with a foreign partner. One of
the participating Chinese diplomats commented that “When I first heard of
the proposed seminar I could not believe my ears.” The goal was to engage
in a structured and focused open discussion aimed at identifying, analyz-
ing, and interpreting the main issues of the relations between China and the
Soviet Union’s Warsaw Pact allies during their most turbulent period, as
remembered by veteran diplomats from both sides. The seminar achieved
that goal beyond expectations.
The discussion, arranged chronologically, was moderated by Professor Odd
Arne Westad, of the London School of Economics, and Zhang Baijia, Senior
Research Fellow at the Party History Research Center and director of its Third
Research Department (responsible for research on the period since 1978). The
Chinese side was represented by seven former ambassadors, the East Euro-
pean side by three former ambassadors and three other high-ranking diplomats
(see List of Participants). The countries involved were Poland, East Germany,
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. No suitable participant could be
located in former Czechoslovakia.
9