Childhood Asthma and Other Wheezing Disorders, Second Edition (Hodder Arnold Publication)

497 Pages·2002·49.43 MB·English

by  Michael Silverman

Childhood asthma and
other wheezing
disorders
This page intentionally left blank
Childhood asthma and
other wheezing disorders
Second edition
Edited by
Michael Silverman
Professor and Head
Department of Child Health and
Institute for Lung Health
University of Leicester
Leicester, UK
A member of the Hodder Headline Group
LONDON
First published in Great Britain in 2002 by
Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group,
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ISBN 0340 76318 3 (hb)
1 2345678910
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Contents
Colour plates appear between pages 212 and 213
List of contributors vii
Foreword ix
Preface x
Abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
Michael Silverman
2 Epidemiology and public health 9
Michael Kabesch and Erika von Mutius
3 The natural history of asthma during childhood 29
Fernando D Martinez
4a Structural development 37
Alison A Hislop and Hitesh C Pandya
4b Developmental physiology 57
Karen EWillet and Peter D Sly
4c Postnatal maturation of immune and inflammatory functions 69
Patrick G Holt
4d Genetics 85
Peter N le Souef
5 Remodelling and inflammation 93
William R Roche and Peter K Jeffery
6a The clinical features and their assessment 106
Sheila McKenzie
6b Lung function 125
Peter D Sly and Felicity S Flack
6c Bronchial responsiveness 144
Nicola Wilson and Michael Silverman
6d Inflammation 173
Jonathan Grigg
6e Impact of asthma on child and family 183
Liesl M Osman
7a Allergy 195
Jill A Warner and John 0 Warner
7b Viral infection 205
Ian Balfour-Lynn and Peter Openshaw
vi Contents
7c Gastroesophageal reflux 222
Isi Dab and Anne Malfroot
7d Food intolerance 229
Nicola Wilson
7e Passive smoking 239
Jonathan M Couriel
8a Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 247
S0ren Pedersen and Hans Bisgaard
8b Aerosols and other devices 290
S0ren Pedersen and Chris O'Callaghan
9 Wheezing disorders in infants and young children 307
Michael Silverman
10 The management of asthma in school-children 333
John F Price
11 Asthma in young people 351
Susan M Sawyer
12 The management of acute severe asthma 359
Warren Lenney and John Alexander
13a Unusual syndromes and asthma complicating other disorders 376
Robert Dinwiddie
13b Prematurity and asthma 383
Anne Milner and Anthony Milner
13c Psychological factors 392
Per A Gustafson and Bryan Lask
14 Preventing asthma 401
John 0 Warner and Jill A Warner
15 Growth and puberty in asthma 414
George Russell and Mustafa Osman
16 Asthma in primary care 431
Trisha Weller and Kevin Jones
17a Sub-Saharan Africa 440
Ezekiel M Wafula
17b Indian subcontinent 443
S Noel Narayanan
17c Latin America 445
Alejandro M Teper and Carlos D Kofman
17d Japan 448
Yoji likura
17e Hong Kong 451
KN Chan
17f The Caribbean 453
Jennifer M Knight-Madden
18 Education of children, parents, health professionals and others 455
James Y Paton
Appendix: Reference data 469
Isobel M Brookes
Index 479
List of contributors
John Alexander Yoji Ikura
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, North Staffordshire Department of Paediatrics, Showa University School of
Hospital, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, UK Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Ian Balfour-Lynn Peter KJeffery
Consultant in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Lung Pathology Unit (Department of Gene Therapy),
Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK ICSM at Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Hans Bisgaard Kevin Jones
National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Senior Lecturer, Department of Primary Health Care,
Denmark School of Health Sciences, The Medical School,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Isobel M Brookes
Michael Kabesch
Department of Child Health, University of Leicester,
Respiratory Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Tucson,
Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
Arizona, USA
KN Chan
Jennifer M Knight-Madden
Specialist in Paediatrics, St Paul's Hospital,
Sickle Cell Unit, University of West Indies, Mona, Kingston,
Hong Kong
Jamaica
Jonathan M Couriel
Carlos D Kofman
Consultant in Paediatric, The Respiratory Unit,
Respiratory Center, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital,
Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Alder Hey, Liverpool, UK
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Isi Dab
Bryan Lask
Kinderpneumologie, Academisch Ziekenhuis,
Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital Medical
Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
School, London, UK
Robert Dinwiddie
Warren Lenney
Consultant Paediatrician, Respiratory Medicine Unit,
Academic Department of Child Health, North Staffordshire
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Hospital, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, UK
Felicity S Flack Anne Malfroot
Division of Clinical Sciences, Institute for Child Health Kinderpneumologie, Academisch Ziekenhuis,
Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
West Perth, Western Australia
Fernando D Martinez
Jonathan Grigg Respiratory Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Tucson,
Department of Child Health, University of Leicester, Arizona, USA
Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
Sheila McKenzie
Per A Gustafsson Queen Elizabeth Children's Services, Royal London
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital, London, UK
Linkoping University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden Anne Milner
Alison A Hislop Professor of Clinical Respiratory Physiology, Department
Department of Cardiology, Institute of Child Health, of Child Health, King's College Hospital, London, UK
London, UK Anthony D Milner
Patrick G Holt Professor of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics,
Head, Division of Cell Biology, Institute for Child Health St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Erica von Mutius
Western Australia University Children's Hospital, Munchen, Germany
viii List of contributors
S Noel Narayanan Michael Silverman
Professor and Head, Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Professor and Head, Department of Child Health and
Pulmonologist, SAT Hospital Medical College, Trivandrum, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester,
Kerala, India Leicester, UK
Christopher L O'Callaghan Peter D Sly
Professor of Paediatrics, Department of Child Health Head, Division of Clinical Sciences,
and Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Institute for Child Health Research,
Leicester, UK Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, West Perth,
Peter JM Openshaw Western Australia
Professor of Experimental Medicine and Honorary
Peter N le Souef
Consultant, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial
Professor of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia,
College School of Medicine, London, UK
Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia
Liesl M Osman
Alejandro M Teper
Senior Research Fellow, Chest Clinic, Aberdeen Royal
Respiratory Center, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital,
Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Mustafa Osman
Ezekiel M Wafula
Department of Child Health, Medical School,
Chairman, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health,
Aberdeen, UK
University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital,
Hitesh C Pandya
Nairobi, Kenya
Department of Child Health, University of Leicester,
Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK Jill A Warner
Senior Lecturer in Allergy & Immunology,
James Y Paton
Allergy & Inflammation Sciences,
Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Respiratory Disease, and
School of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Consultant Paediatrician, Department of Child Health,
Southampton, UK
Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK
John 0 Warner
S0ren Pedersen
Professor of Child Health & Director of Allergy &
Department of Paediatrics, Kolding Hospital, Kolding,
Inflammation Sciences, School of Medicine,
Denmark
University of Southampton,
John F Price
Southampton, UK
Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital,
London, UK Trisha Weller
Head of Quality Assurance,
William R Roche
National Respiratory Training Centre,
Department of Pathology, Southampton General Hospital,
Warwick, UK
Southampton, UK
George Russell Karen E Willet
Consultant Paediatrician, Department of Medical Division of Clinical Sciences, Institute for Child Health
Paediatrics, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth,
Aberdeen, UK Western Australia
Susan M Sawyer Nicola M Wilson
Deputy Director, Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital,
Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia London, UK
Foreword
Wheezing, as a sign and/or symptom, and asthma, as a immense. In order to reduce the morbidity from these
clinical diagnosis, are extremely common in childhood illnesses and to avoid over-treatment and inappropriate
and are increasing in prevalence. As many as a third of all treatment of wheezing infants and children who do not
children may wheeze in the first three years of life and have asthma, or under-treatment of wheezing children
nearly 50 per cent may wheeze by the age of six years. who do have asthma, it is incumbent upon physicians
Infants and young children wheeze because of smaller and other health care providers involved with the care of
airways, increased compliance of airways and the chest children to understand the causes of wheezing in child-
wall, decreased lung recoil, increased airway reactivity, hood, the pathophysiologic processes involved, diagnos-
more mucous glands and poor cough clearance, as well tic considerations, the clinical significance and prognosis
as, perhaps, other anatomic and physiologic factors. for the various causes of wheezing, approaches to treat-
Since so many young children wheeze, it is possible that ment, and primary and secondary prevention strategies.
it is the non-wheezing infant/child who is 'abnormal' and The second edition of this outstanding textbook pro-
deserves study! Why don't these children wheeze? The vides a most comprehensive review of all aspects of these
prevalence rates for asthma vary around the world but as disorders in erudite, concise, and clearly written chap-
many as 10 to 20 per cent of children receive this diagno- ters. The chapters are very current and provide an insight
sis. Clearly, not all children who wheeze are asthmatic. into the new discoveries that surely will come in the next
Recent studies have described different wheezing few years and will allow us to understand these disorders
syndromes and their predisposing factors, associated better. The new chapters added to this second edition
characteristics, prognosis, and therapeutic implications. markedly enhance an already excellent book.
These studies have shown that a high percentage (as The authors of the individual chapters are world lead-
much as 60 per cent) of wheezing that occurs in the first ers in their respective fields, making this an international
three years of life is transient and disappears by the age of book of relevance and importance to anyone, anywhere,
three. Recognizing which wheezing infant will continue caring for children. The authors are clinicians with
to wheeze and subsequently be diagnosed as asthmatic extensive experience with wheezing children as well as
(loosely defined as a genetic disorder related to chronic investigators who have personally studied the subjects
airway inflammation usually associated with atopy and about which they are writing.
increased airway reactivity) remains difficult at the pres- Congratulations to Professor Silverman and the con-
ent time. In the future, the outcomes from genetic and tributing authors for what I consider the reference source
immunologic studies may serve as predictive factors for on childhood asthma and other wheezing disorders.
those infants and children who are destined to develop
asthma. Since the first edition of this book, additional Lynn M Taussig, MD
investigations have begun to elucidate mechanisms (e.g., President and CEO
hygiene hypothesis) which help to explain the increasing
The Carole and Albert Angel Family
rates of asthma and atopy worldwide. What all of these
Presidential Chair
studies have shown is that wheezing illnesses are a com-
National Jewish Medical and Research Center
plex group of heterogeneic disorders.
Professor of Pediatrics
The morbidity and, perhaps, mortality from childhood
asthma continue to rise. The total impact - medical, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
social, psychological, and economic - of these illnesses is Denver, Colorado, USA