Child Development: Vulnerability and Resilience

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FCND DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 12
CHILD DEVELOPMENT: VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE
Patrice L. Engle, Sarah Castle, and Purnima Menon
Food Consumption and Nutrition Division
International Food Policy Research Institute
1200 Seventeenth Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036-3006 U.S.A.
[phone]
Fax: [phone]
April 1996
FCND Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full
peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers
will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised.
ABSTRACT
gnignah ceh tf onoitcnu f aer awo nnerdlih cgnica fsegnellah ceh tf oynaM
,smro fylima fgnignah c,ecneloi vlacitilo p,noitazinabr un isesaercn ignidulcn i,semit
eh tsweive rrepa psih T.doo fetauqed af oseilppu sdesaerce d,saer aemo sn i,dna
f otnempoleve deh tsezylan arepa peh t,noitidd an I.sksi reseh tf oeruta ngnivlove
eh tetomor pdn aytilibarenlu veh tetaroilem ao tseigetart slamrofn idn alamrof
eh tn isegat sruo fseifitned irepa peh T.sksi reseh to tnerdlih cgnuo yf oecneiliser
)2 (;ksi reh tf onoitacifitned i)1 (:nerdlih cro fsksi rgnidrage rssecor phcraeser
emo sgnom aecneilise rf onoitingoce r)3 (;secneuqesno cdn aygoloit ef onoitacifiralc
ro fsnoitacilpm idn aecneilise rn isrotca ff onoitinife d)4 (dn a;slaudividni
.noitnevretni
CONTENTS
oitcudortn I.1 n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
cneilise Rdn a,ksi R,ytilibarenluV e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
smargor Pdn ahcraese Recneilise Rn itsevn IyhW ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ksi Rlanoitirtu N.2 s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
craese R 1egatS h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ksi Reh tgnidnatsredn U:hcraese R 2egatS s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
craese R 3egatS h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
craese R 4egatS h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
rammuS y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
cneilise Rdn aksi Rdn a,smro Fylima F,scimany Dylima F.3 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
craese R 2dn a 1segatS h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
cneilise Rhti wdetaicoss Asrotca F:hcraese R 3egatS e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
OG Nhti wspihsnoitale R:selpmax E 4egatS s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
rammuS y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
erdlih Cn oecneloi Vf ostceff E.4 n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
craese R 1egatS h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
craese R 2egatS h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
esylan A 3egatS s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
craese R 4egatS h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
rammuS y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
noisulcno C.5 s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
ecnerefeR s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
FIGURES
1. si rf osisylan adn anoitinife deh tn isegatS k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. oitazimitci vdlih cf oygolopyT n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CHILD DEVELOPMENT: VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE*
1. INTRODUCTION
gnignah ceh tf onoitcnu f aer awo nnerdlih cgnica fsegnellah ceh tf oynaM
,smro fylima fgnignah c,ecneloi vlacitilo p,noitazinabr un isesaercn ignidulcn i,semit
sesuco fweive rsih T.doo fetauqed af oseilppu sdesaerce d,saer aemo sn i,dna
r owe necudn itah tdn asmitci veh ter anerdlih chcih wn isegnah cesoh tn oylralucitrap
latne mr oytilibasi ddlih cs ahcu ssmelbor pn onah trehta r,meh tro fstaerh tgniunitnoc
s'nerdlih cf osnoisnemi der arepa psih tn itseretn if oselbaira vemoctu oeh T.ssenlli
lacigolohcys p,tnempoleve devitingo cgnidulcn i,tnempoleve dlaicosohcysp
stceps alacisyh pn osesuco frepa pnoinapmo c asaereh w,noissergg adn a,tnemtsujda
n ierutareti levisnetx en as iereh T.)699 1llewdlaC (tnempoleve ds'nerdlih cfo
.tnempoleve dlaicosohcys ps'nerdlih cf otnemssess aeh thti wslae dtah tygolohcysp
nige bdlih cgnuo y af otnempoleve df ossecor peh tn iseldru her atah tsksi rehT
e bdluo weseh tf oll asserdd ao T.efi lreta lotn in oyrra cdn anoitpecno cmorf
esoh tnesoh ceva he w,dna ht aseuss ieh to tecitsu jo do tredr on i,suh t;elbissopmi
er a,tnempoleve dlaicosohcys ps’dlih c an itnatropm ier a,wei vru on i,tah tsksir
repa psih T.erutareti leh tn idenimax enee beva hdn a,seirtnuo cgnipoleve do ttnaveler
ylpp alli w,dnoce sdn a,ecneilise rdn aksi rf ostpecno ceh tf onoissucsi d aedivor plliw
)1 (:yado tnerdlih cy bdeca fksi rf oselpmax eeerh tf osisylan aeh to tstpecno ceseht
ao teu dnoitirtunla m,.g.e (semoctu olaicosohcys po tetale ryeh ts a,staerh tlanoitirtun
* Th si si a dnuorgkcab repap rof eht htneet rluaonFoitanr eetcnnIerefnoC no ehtaicoS l
secneicS ,en i&oct ird eee,bM b6m,d6-edl92 tn e 9 sp adh,1leetlnoelSatartb odoescyHeiSHPt o
a ni raepp Social Science and Medicinepus laitraP . dedivo rs parwep aspi hfntooitarape re phr totfrop
by the ,,n.oC t.ogDt nre,tioh)shh tIrsteRiautPfWauF tIhi(ct rsl yanadceInoisooleiFoRtPa nretnI .
.snoitsegg uds nsatnemm orcie hrt oIfRP F tInaamll ayHll edK nraam uhKbu hkSna hetW
2
dlih c,.g.e (smro fylima ff osepy tdn ascimany dylima f)2 (;)gnideef-tsaer bn ienilced
r ocitsemod (ecneloi vf osecneirepx e)3 (dn a;)seilima flanoitidartno ndn agniretsof
:desserdd ae blli wsnoitseu qruo fema seh t,esa chca en I.)lacitilop
• ?nerdlih cro frotca fksi reh tf osecneuqesno ceh ter atahW
• ?ksi rf osnoitidno cdn aseigoloit eeh ter atahW
• yllufsseccu srotca fksi reh thti wepo co tmee soh wnerdlih cyn aereh terA
dn a?srotca fevitcetor peh tf oemo ser atah wdna
• desa bnerdlih ceseh ttroppu sple ho tdepoleve de bdluo cseigetart stahW
?srotca fevitcetor peseh tno
VULNERABILITY, RISK, AND RESILIENCE
s’nerdlih cesaercn itah tsdraza hlatnemnorivn er olaudividn ier asrotca fksiR
.)499 1onirabra Gdn aynletsoK (semoctu olatnempoleve devitage no tytilibarenluv
eh tdn adlih ceh tneewte bnoitcaretn ieht “neh wyal potn iemo csrotca fksi resehT
staerh twe n,seitluciffi dr osnoitatimi lwe nn itluse rtah tsessert ssecudor ptnemnorivne
n iseitluciffi ddesaercn i,gninrae lo tselcatsb owe n,noitargetn io tdn asisatsoemo hot
.)679 1ytrairo Mdn ayhpruM (”seicnatcepx eevitage nr o,yteixn agniretsam
er atah tnoitcaretn if osleve llareve ser aereh ttah tstseggu syroeh tlacigolocE
eh T.)399 1rennerbnefnorB (srotca fksi rgnidnatsredn un ihsiugnitsi do ttnatropmi
eh tneewte bs idnoce seh tdn a,ylima fetaidemm ireh/si hdn adlih ceh tneewte bs itsrif
ecnacifingi sdn agninae mevi gtah ttnemnorivn es’dlih ceh tn ismetsy slaico ssuoirav
semoce bleve lsih T.stnev eytinummo cr osloohc ss ahcu s,ecneirepx es’dlih ceh tot
f oleve ldrih t A.srae ydega-loohc seh totn isessa pdlih c as atnacifingi sylgnisaercni
,seula vlarutlu c,tnemnrevo gs ahcu s,secro fregra leh ty bdetneserpe rs imetsy slaicos
.tnemnorivn es’dlih ceh tf oetamil ceh tenife dtah tsmetsy slage lro
3
astneserpe rsedace dow ttsa leh tn iecneilise rf oydut seh tf oecnegrem eehT
hti wdetnorfno cneh wpoleve dnerdlih cwo hf ognidnatsredn ueh to thcaorpp alevon
f oygoloit eeh tdn asrotca fksi rn osuco fsrehcraese ryna M.secnatsmucri ctluciffid
,ygolohtapohcys p,esub agur ddn alohocl as ahcu shtuo ydn anerdlih cn ismelborp
hcraese rsih T.)099 1soofyrD (roivahe btneloi vdn a,gniraebdlih cylra e,ycneuqniled
.)499 1ramuknur Adn anamremmiZ ( "egatnavdasi df oygolohtap " adetnemuco dsah
,noitadrate rhtwor geniretuartn is ahcu sscitsiretcarah clevel-laudividn iedulcn isksiR
level-dlohesuo h;ytilibasi dlacisyh pr o,oret un ierusopx eeniaco c,thgie whtri bwol
srotca flevel-ytinummo cdn a;noitpursi dlatira mdn aytrevo pylima fs ahcu ssrotcaf
gnivi lr o,loohc setauqedan in ao tgnio g,doohrobhgie nemirc-hgi h an ignivi ls ahcus
f osesylan aeh thguohtl A.ecneloi vlacitilo pmor fdereffu ssa htah tytinummo c ani
detacitsihpo sero myllautnev e,stnev ecitat ss asrotca feseh tdenimax eyllaitin iksir
ksi rf orebmu nlato teh t,elpmax ero f,ssecor p asa wksi rtah tdetseggu ssesylana
ero msa wtah t,erusopx eksi rf oemi tf ohtgne leh tr o,o tdesopx esa wdlih c asrotcaf
.)399 1.l at efforemaS (erusopx eereve selgni s anah ttnatropmi
,)sksir (secnatsmucri ctluciffi df oetip sn itah tdeto nnee bsa ht i,yltnece reroM
ralimi sn isreht osaereh w,repsor pyltnerapp adn awor go tegana mnerdlih cemos
nev E.hcraese rytilibarenlu vy bdebircse dyllanigir ohta peh twollo fo tmee ssnoitautis
eh t,sevlesmeh tsrehto mnee temoce brehto mnee t ay bdesia rnerdlih ceh tf ofla hfi
tah tpuor geh tgninimax emor fdenrae le bna csnosse ltnatropm idn a,to no dsrehto
wo H.)789 1nagro Mdn a,nnuG-skoor B,grebnetsruF (ksi reh temocrev oo tdeganam
renre Ws ahcu ssrehcraese R?denialpx ee bseirotcejar tefi ln isnoitaira veseh tnac
emo syh wetagitsevn io tnuge beva h)1991 (yzemra Gdn a,)5891 (rettu R,)3991(
y bdehtacsn uyltnerapp asksi relpitlu mf osnoitauti shguorh temo co tegana mnerdlihc
eva hoh wesoh tmor fsegnah cnoitagitsevn if osuco feh tsuh T.ecneirepx eeht
.ya wemo sn idedeeccu seva hoh wesoh to tsmelborp
4
thgi mtah tsessecor pgnidnatsredn uro fyln oto nsegatnavd asa hhcaorpp asihT
n islaudividn ihti wgnikro wer aoh wsreple htsiss ao tosl atu b,snoitnevretn io tdael
,semoctu oevitage ngnitcepx ehguorh t,ya msreple heseh T.snoitauti sksi rhgih
laudividn ieh tple hosl aya mhcaorpp asih T.melbor peh tf otra pemoce bylgnittiwnu
n A.elbativen ito ns iemoctu oevitage n atah tdnatsredn unoitauti sksir-hgi h ani
tah tdnatsredn uo tdee nya m,t ipee ko tgnidice ddn a,dlih ctsri fre hgniva htnecseloda
.seirotcejar tefi levitage neva hlli wnoitauti sre hn ier aoh wLL ATON
f osmre tn idebircse dnee bsa hksi ro tlaudividn ieh tf oesnopse rehT
s'laudividn ieh ts adenife dnee bsa hytilibarenlu V.ecneilise rdn aytilibarenluv
laroivahe br oygolohtapohcys pf osmro fdeira vpoleve dot "noitisopsiderp
rucc ona ctah tsemoctu olatnempoleve devitage no tytilibitpecsus "r o"ssenevitceffeni
ytilibitpecsu ssih T.)499 1ramuknur Adn anamremmiZ ("snoitidno cksir-hgi hrednu
eh tn O.)589 1rettuR (srotca flatnemarepme tr ocitene go ttra pn idetubirtt anee bsah
eh ttsise ro tnoitisopsider ps'laudividn ieh ts it i;etisopp oeh ts iecneilise r,dna hrehto
.yletauqed apoleve ddn aksi reh tf osecneuqesno cevitage nlaitnetop
n ides uylnommo cmre ta ("lortno cf osucol "s ahcu s,scitsiretcarah claudividnI
noitcnu fevitcetor p as aevre sthgi m,tnempoleve dog er o,ecnegilletn i,)ygolohcysp
ro F.)199 1relgi Zdn arahtu L;199 1rahtuL (secnatsmucri cyksi rn idesia rnerdlih crof
gnom aecnetepmo cdn assert sf opihsnoitale reh tdenimax e)1991 (rahtu L,elpmaxe
.ytrevo pdn aecneloi vytic-renn if osksi rgnica fsetat Sdetin Ueh tn istnecseloda
elbisnopse rdn aevitress as adeta re bo tdegana moh wssert shgi hredn ustnecselodA
f oesne sretaer g ada h",tneiliser "erofereh tdn a,srehcae tdn asree py b)tnetepmoc(
ere woh wtnemnorivn esserts-hgi h an isnee tnah tstnemnorivn erieh trev olortnoc
dereffi dnerdlih ctneilise rtah tdetseggu sosl a)7891 (rettu R.tnetepmo csse ls adetar
laico sdepoleved-lle wdn aycaciffe-fle sf oesne ss ahcu sscitsiretcarah claudividn ino
.sllik sgnivlos-melborp
5
laitneto peh thsinimi dr oetaroilem aosl aya mtnemnorivn eeh tn isrotcaF
ro F.)299 1aramaNc Mdn a,oracca V,slli W;199 1rahtuL (sksi reh tf ostceff eevitagen
wer goh wnerdlih cf oydut slanidutigno lrieh tn i,)2991 (htim Sdn arenre W,elpmaxe
esoh ttah tdnuo f,ytilibatsn idn adrocsi dgnicneirepx eseilima fdn aytrevo phti wpu
tsae lt ahti wpihsnoitale resol c adecneirepx eda hstlud ayhtlae hotn idepoleve dohw
f omro femo sf oecneser P.noitnett aevitiso pdetcirtsern udedivor poh wrevigera ceno
evitcetor p as ayltnetsisno cetiu qsraepp anosre pdeula v ay btroppu stnacifingis
.rotcaf
ylbaegnahcretn i"elbarenluvni "r o"elbicnivni "mre teh tdes usa herutareti lemoS
htim Sdn arenreW (nerdlih clufsseccu syltnerapp aeseh tebircse do tecneilise rhtiw
o nnee bsa hereh ttah tstseggu smre tsih t,revewo H.)889 1kro Wdn anewo C;9891
ksi reh ty bdehtacsn uere wdlih ceh tf is a,ksi ro terusopx eeh tf odlih ceh to ttsoc
deraepp aoh w",tneiliser "s adeleba lnerdlih ctah tdetseggu skro wemo S.srotcaf
o tseigetart sgnizilanretn ignis uere w,ksi rf osecneirepx eetipse dtnetepmo cr oyhtlaeh
r oyteixn aecneirepx eo tyleki lero mere wnerdlih ceseh tdn a,ksi rhti wepoc
.)099 1.l at erekra P;789 1dnaleg Edn arebra F;199 1rahtuL (noisserped
level-ylima fdn asrotca flevel-laudividn io tdia pnee bsa hnoitnett aero mhcuM
,scinil chtlae h,sloohc ss ahcu s,leve lytinummo ceh tt asrotca fevitcetor pnah tsrotcaf
ya mtah tretta leh ts it ihguohtl a,spuor gytinummo cr o,elpoe pgnuo yro fsecalpkrow
to ns ipihsnoitale reh tf oytilasua ceh t,osl A.noitnevretn io telbanem aero meb
an itluse rtah tsrotca feh ter atah W.seidut slanidutigno ln inev e,lanoitceridinu
ylbabor ps ilortno cf osuco ls'laudividn ieh T?lortno cf oesne srehgi h agniva hs'dlihc
eh tdoohrobhgie nf oepy teh ts ahcu s,dlih ceh tedistu osrotca fy btra pn idenimreted
eh tdnuor adepoleve deva htah tnoitcaretn if osnretta peh ty bosl atu b,n isevi ldlihc
o tsdee nnoitnett alufera cero M.scitsiretcarah claitin is'dlih ceh tf onoitcnu f as adlihc
.skni llasua celpitlu meh to tdia peb
6
WHY INVEST IN RESILIENCE RESEARCH AND PROGRAMS?
o tsksi relpitlu mf osnoitauti sn inev etah ttpecno ceh to tsrefe rsuh t”ecneiliseR“
reh/si hr olaudividn ieh tnihti wseitilau qniatre cer aereh t,tnempoleve ds’laudividn ina
.meh tf oetip sn ievirh tdn asksi reseh thti wlae do treh/mi hwoll atah ttnemnorivne
t i,laudividn ieh tf oseitilau qlatnemrepme tr ocitene go teu de bya mecneilise rhguohT
latnemnorivn ef odn alaudividn in af osnoitisopsi ddenrae lf onoitcnu f aosl asi
tah tsecneulfn ilanretx eeh tf ogninehtgnert sdn anoitagitsevn ieh t,erofereh T.srotcaf
eh tf osmre tn istifene bgnihcaer-ra fdlei ydluo cecneilise rtuob agnir byam
f oelcy cevitiso p ao tdae l,nru tn i,ya msih T.latipa cnamu hf otnempoleved
.tceff elanoitarenegretn in aeva hsuh tdluo chcih w,ecneilise rgnisaercni
ro fgnihcrae s,tsri f:noissucsi dsih tmor fmet stnemtsevn iro fseigetart sowT
aevre stah tstnemnorivn er oslaudividn if oscitsiretcarah cyfitned io tsrotacidn iretteb
as adoohdlih cylra en ignitsevn i,dnoce sdn a;)suco fecneilise ra (noitcnu fevitcetorp
.)hcaorpp aevitatnever pa (tceff en ataer gs agniva hmor fsksi rgnitnever pf oyaw
gnie bhcaorpp atsri feh thti w,esopru pdn agnimi trieh tn ireffi dseigetart sow tesehT
o tgniyr tf oen o,dnoce seh tdn a;ksi rf osnoitauti sn iecneilise rf onoitacifitned if oeno
n A.meh thti wlae do tnerdlih cgnippiuq ey bsksi rgnitsix ef ostceff eeh tetagitim
ro fsrotca fksi reh tgniydut smor fyaw atfih seh ts isuco fecneilise reh tf oelpmaxe
f odoohileki leh tecude ryllautc adluo ctah tsrotca feh tgninimax eo tnoitirtunlam
,rakeh S;099 1ruosna Mdn a,imessah G,niltieZ (ytrevo pf osnoitidno cn inoitirtunlam
evitatnever peh tf oelpmax en A.)]”ecnaive devitisop “no [299 1mahta Ldn a,thcibaH
n iecnamrofre pevorpm io tredr on inoitacud eloohcser pn itnemtsevn ieh ts ihcaorppa
.S. Ueh tn i00.1$S Uf otnemtsevn in a,elpmax ero F.noitacud eyradnoce sdn ayramirp
esuace b,sgniva sn i61.7$S Udedlei ysa h,269 1n idetaitin i,margor Ploohcser PyrreP
eh T.)399 1.l at etrahniewhcS (ytivitcudor prehgi hdn aerutidnepx eerafle wrewo lfo
n agnitacovd as idn ahcaorpp asih tf oecnatropm ieh tdezingoce rosl asa hkna BdlroW
gnol atnempoleve ddlih cn osisahpm en adn adoohdlih cylra en itnemtsevn idesaercni