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FIFTH EDITION
Child Development
A THEMATIC APPROACH
Danuta Bukatko
College of the Holy Cross
Marvin W.Daehler
University of Massachusetts,Amherst
Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York
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To Don and Nicholas
D.B.
To June, and to Curtis and Angela, Joshua, and Renée
M.W.D.
Editor-in-Chief:Charles Hartford
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ISBN:0-618-33338-X
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Brief Contents
Preface xiii
1 Themes and Theories 1
2 Studying Child Development 38
3 Genetics and Heredity 63
4 The Prenatal Period and Birth 104
5 Brain,Motor Skill,and Physical Development 147
6 Basic Learning and Perception 189
7 Language 228
8 Cognition:Piaget and Vygotsky 270
9 Cognition:Information Processing 310
10 Intelligence 346
11 Emotion 379
12 Self and Values 420
13 Gender 464
14 The Family 496
15 Peers 533
16 Beyond Family and Peers 567
Glossary G–1
References R–1
Credits C–1
Name Index NI–1
Subject Index SI–1
iii
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Contents
Preface xiii Contextual Approaches 28
Ecological Systems Theory 29
Vygotsky’s Sociohistorical Theory 30
1 Themes and Theories 1
Dynamic Systems Theory 32
Ethological Theory 32
What Is Development? 3 Contextual Approaches and Themes in
Development 33
Six Major Themes in Developmental
Psychology 5 What Develops? 34
What Roles Do Nature and Nurture Play in Chapter Recap 36
Development? 5 Summary ofTopics 36
How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence
Development? 6
2 Studying Child Development 38
How Does the Child Play an Active Role in
Development? 7
Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? 7 Research Methods in Developmental
How Prominent Are Individual Differences in Psychology 39
Development? 9 Measuring Attributes and Behaviors 40
How Do the Various Domains ofDevelopment Methods ofCollecting Data 40
Interact? 9 Research Designs 46
The Study of the Child: Strategies for Assessing Developmental Change 52
Historical Perspectives 10 Cross-Cultural Studies ofDevelopment 56
The Concept ofChildhood 10 Ethical Issues in Developmental
The Origins ofDevelopmental Psychology 13 Research 58
The Continued Growth ofDevelopmental Psychology
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER
in the Twentieth Century 16 Should Researchers Reveal Information They
Learning Theory Approaches 17 Learn About Participants in Their Studies? 60
Behavior Analysis 18 Chapter Recap 61
Social Learning Theory 19 Summary ofTopics 61
Learning Theory and Themes in Development 20
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches 21 3 Genetics and Heredity 63
Piaget’s Theory 21
Piaget’s Theory and Themes in Development 23
Principles of Hereditary Transmission 65
Information-Processing Approaches 24 The Building Blocks ofHeredity 66
Information-Processing Approaches and Themes in Cell Division and Chromosome Duplication 66
Development 25 Gene Expression 70
Erikson’s Psychosocial Approach 26 Gene Functioning and Regulation ofDevelopment 71
Psychosocial Theory 26 Gene and Chromosomal Abnormalities 74
Psychosocial Theory and Themes in Gene Variations 74
Development 27 Chromosome Variations 80
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vi Contents
Genetic Counseling 85 Newborn Assessment and States 142
Prenatal Diagnosis 85 Assessing Newborns 142
Ethical and Social Issues 87 Newborn States 143
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Chapter Recap 144
Should Sex Preselection Be Permitted? 88 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 144
Developmental and Behavioral Genetics 90 Summary ofTopics 145
The Methods ofBehavioral Geneticists 90
Conceptualizing the Interaction Between Genotype
Brain,Motor Skill,and
and Environment 92 5
Physical Development 147
Conceptualizing the Correlation Between Genotype
and Environment 93
Hereditary and Environmental Influences on The Brain and Nervous System 149
Behavior 95
The Developing Brain 150
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Plasticity in Brain Development 153
Treating Siblings Fairly 98 Brain Lateralization 154
Chapter Recap 101 Motor Skill Development 155
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 101 The First Actions:Reflexes 155
Summary ofTopics 102
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING
Reducing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 157
The Prenatal Period Motor Milestones 160
4
and Birth 104 Motor Skills in the Preschool and Later-Childhood
Years 162
Determinants ofMotor Development 164
The Stages of Prenatal Development 106
Cross-Cultural Differences 165
Fertilization 106
Body Growth and Development 166
The Germinal Period 107
Norms ofGrowth 167
The Embryonic Period 108
Patterns in Body Growth 168
The Fetal Period 112
Determinants ofBody Growth and Development 170
Assisted Reproduction 113
The Social-Emotional Consequences ofBody
Environmental Factors Influencing Prenatal
Growth 174
Development 115
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
Support Within the Womb 115
Dieting and Eating Disorders 177
Principles ofTeratology 116
Physical Maturity 179
Drugs as Teratogens 118
Defining Maturity 179
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER
Early Versus Late Maturity 181
Should a Drug-Abusing Expectant Woman Be
Sexual Behavior 183
Charged with Child Abuse? 123
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER
Diseases as Teratogens 125
What Should Sex Education Programs
Environmental Hazards as Teratogens 128
Emphasize? 184
Women’s Conditions and Prenatal
Chapter Recap 186
Development 128
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 186
A Final Note on Environment and Prenatal
Summary ofTopics 187
Development 131
Birth and the Perinatal Environment 132
Preparing for Childbirth 132 Basic Learning
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and Perception 189
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING
Nurturing and Caring During
Labor 133
Basic Learning Processes in Infancy and
Labor and Delivery 134 Childhood 191
Low Birth Weight 138 Habituation 191
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Contents vii
Classical Conditioning 191 Language and Cognition 262
Operant Conditioning 192
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING How Should Bilingual Education Programs Be
Reducing Sleep Disturbances Through Changes Structured? 264
in Learned Behavior 193
Language and Self-regulation 265
Imitation 195 Language and Cultural Socialization 266
Implicit Learning 197
Chapter Recap 267
Sensory and Perceptual Capacities 198 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 267
Measuring Infant Sensory and Perceptual Summary ofTopics 268
Capacities 199
EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS Cognition: Piaget
8
Habituation Procedures 200 andVygotsky 270
Vision 201
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Visual Problems in Infancy 204
Development 272
Audition 210 Stages ofDevelopment 272
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Implications for Education 277
Should the Fetus Undergo a Sensory Evaluating Piaget’s Theory 278
Curriculum? 212
EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS
Smell,Taste,Touch,and Sensitivity to Pain 216 Ensuring Experimental Control in Studying the
Intermodal Perception 218 Object Concept 279
Perceptual Development Throughout Neo-Piagetian Approaches 282
Childhood 222
Concept Development 283
Perceptual Learning 222
Properties ofObjects 284
Experience and Perceptual Development 223
Classification 288
Chapter Recap 225 Numerical Concepts 292
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 225 Spatial Relationships 295
Summary ofTopics 225 Understanding Psychological States 297
Perspective Taking:Taking the Views ofOthers 297
7 Language 228 The Child’s Theory ofMind 298
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
The Course of Language Childhood Autism 300
Acquisition 230
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive
Phonology 231
Development 301
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Scaffolding 301
Language-Impaired Children 234 The Role ofSkilled Collaborators 303
Semantics 235 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION
Grammar 242 Reciprocal Teaching 305
Pragmatics 245
Chapter Recap 307
Metalinguistic Awareness 248
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 307
Explaining Language Acquisition 251 Summary ofTopics 307
The Role ofBiology 251
The Linguistic Perspective 254
Cognition: Information
Learning and Cognition 256 9
The Social Interaction Perspective 257 Processing 310
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING
Reading to Children 261 The Information-Processing Approach 311
The Functions of Language 262 The Development of Attention 313
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viii Contents
Sustaining Attention 313 Chapter Recap 376
Deploying Attention 314 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 376
Selective Attention 315 Summary ofTopics 377
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 316
11 Emotion 379
The Development of Memory 317
Recognition Memory 317
What Are Emotions? 381
Recall Memory 320
The Functions ofEmotions 381
Autobiographical Memory 326
Measuring Emotions 381
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER
How Reliable Is Children’s Eyewitness EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS
Using Structured Observations to Record
Testimony? 328
Infants’Facial Expressions 382
Brain Development and Memory 329
Theoretical Perspectives on Emotional
The Development of Problem-Solving
Development 384
Skills 330
Components ofProblem Solving 332 Expressing,Understanding,and Regulating
Emotions 386
EXAMINING RESEARCHMETHODS
Early Emotional Development 387
Using the Microgenetic Approach to Study
Later Emotional Development 391
Children’s Problem-Solving Strategies 335
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION
Adolescent Depression and Suicide 396
Facilitating Transfer in the Classroom 337
Variations in Emotional
The Development ofScientific Thinking 339
Development 397
The Executive Function 341
Temperament 397
Chapter Recap 343
Sex Differences in Emotions 399
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 343
Cultural Differences in Emotions 400
Summary ofTopics 344
Attachment:Emotional Relationships with
Others 401
10 Intelligence 346 The Origins ofAttachment:Theoretical
Perspectives 402
The Developmental Course ofAttachment 404
What Is Intelligence? 348
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING
Psychometric Approaches 349
Promoting Secure Attachment in Irritable
Information-Processing Approaches 351
Infants 408
Measuring Intelligence 355
Disruptions in Attachment 413
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
Chapter Recap 417
Exceptional Intelligence 356
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 417
Standardized Tests ofIntelligence 358
Summary ofTopics 418
Stability and Prediction 361
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION
12 Self andValues 420
Interpreting IQ Test Scores 365
Factors Related to Intelligence 366
Group Differences in IQ Scores 367 The Concept of Self 422
The Role ofEarly Experiences 370 Selfas Object 422
EXAMINING RESEARCHMETHODS Selfas Subject 426
Using Correlations to Test Models of RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING
Causality 371 Preventing Learned Helplessness 429
The Child’s Sociocultural Environment 375 Self-esteem:Evaluating Self 432
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Contents ix
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Alternative Conceptualizations of Gender 491
Is Praise Always a Good Thing? 435 Androgyny 491
Identity 436 The Relational Approach 492
Self-regulation and Self-control 439 Chapter Recap 493
Developmental Changes 439 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 493
The Influence ofLanguage and Attention 440 Summary ofTopics 494
Individual Differences 441
Moral Development 443
14 The Family 496
Freud’s Theory 443
Social Learning Theory 444
Cognitive-Developmental Theories 445 Understanding the Family 498
Prosocial Behavior 453 The Demographics ofthe American Family 498
A Systems Approach 498
The Development ofProsocial Behaviors and
Altruism 453 Parents and Socialization 500
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Styles ofParenting 501
Effective Parenting 503
Conduct Disorders 455
Additional Factors in Prosocial Behavior 460 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER
Should Parents Spank Their Children? 505
Chapter Recap 461
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 461 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING
Summary ofTopics 461 Managing Noncompliant Children 506
Factors That Influence Parenting Strategies 507
Problems in Parenting 510
13 Gender 464 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 512
Cultural and Social Class Variations in Parenting 513
Gender StereotypesVersus Actual Sex
Relationships with Mothers,Fathers,and
Differences 466
Siblings 516
The Stereotypes:What Are They? 466
Mothering Versus Fathering:Are There
Children’s Knowledge ofGender
Differences? 516
Stereotypes 467
Siblings 519
What Sex Differences Actually Exist? 468
Sex Differences in Perspective 472 Families in Transition 522
Maternal Employment 522
Theories of Gender-Role Development 472
The Effects ofDivorce 526
Biological Theories 472
Single-Parent Families 530
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
Chapter Recap 531
Hormonal Disorders in Children 473
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 531
Social Learning Theory 474
Summary ofTopics 532
Cognitive-Developmental Theories 477
The Socialization of Gender Roles 480
15 Peers 533
The Influence ofParents 481
The Influence ofPeers 483
CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Developmental Changes in Peer Relations 535
Is Gender Identity Disorder Really a Early Peer Exchanges and Play 535
Disorder? 485 The School Years and Adolescence 537
The Influence ofTeachers and Schools 487 Peer Group Dynamics 539
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION Peer Group Formation 539
Promoting Gender Equity in the Dominance Hierarchies 542
Classroom 488 Peer Pressure and Conformity 543
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Peers as Agents of Socialization 544 Computers 579
Peers as Models 545 Academic Mastery and Cognition 580
Peers as Reinforcers 545 Social Development 581
Peer Popularity and Social Competence 545 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER
EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS What Regulations Should Exist for Children’s
Using Questionnaires to Assess Peer Access to the Internet? 582
Status 546 Sex Differences 583
Characteristics ofPopular and Unpopular School 583
Children 548 EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Interpreting Cross-Cultural Test Results 584
Social Withdrawal 551
Families and Peers as Agents Mediating School
The Origins ofSocial Competence 552 Achievement 586
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION School and Classroom Size 588
Helping the Victims of Aggression 555 School Transitions 589
Teachers:Key Agents ofInfluence 592
Training Social Skills 557
Cultural Differences in School Achievement 595
Children’s Friendships 559
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
Children’s Patterns and Conceptions of
Educating Youths with Serious Emotional
Friendship 559
Disturbances 598
How Children Become Friends 562
School Violence 599
The Functions ofFriendship 563
Chapter Recap 565 Neighborhoods 601
Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 565 Do Neighborhoods Matter? 601
Summary ofTopics 566 War and Children 602
Chapter Recap 603
16 Beyond Family and Peers 567 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 603
Summary ofTopics 604
Television 568
Glossary G–1
Children’s Comprehension ofTelevision
Programs 569 References R–1
Television’s Influence on Cognitive and Language Credits C–1
Development 571
Name Index NI–I
Television’s Influence on Social Development 573
Subject Index SI–1
RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING
Encouraging Critical Skills in Television
Viewing 577
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