Child development a cultural approach

561 Pages·93.291 MB·English

by  Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen;Maynard, Ashley

child development
A C u lt u r A l A p p r o A C h
JEffrEy JEnsEn ArnEtt
Clark University
AshlEy E. MAynArd
-
University of Hawai‘i at Manoa
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen.
Child development: a cultural approach / Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Ashley Maynard.—1st ed.
p. cm.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-84107-3
ISBN-10: 0-205-84107-4
1. Child development. 2. Child development—Cross-cultural studies. 3. Child psychology. I. Maynard, Ashley,
1972- II. Title.
HQ767.9.A75 2013
305.231—dc23
2012027311

Student Editions
Hard Cover version ISBN 10: 0-205-84107-4
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-84107-3
Paperback version ISBN 10: 0-205-93889-2
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-93889-6
Books a’ la Carte ISBN 10: 0-205-93202-9
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-93202-3
To my mom, who loved it all,
from start to finish.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett
To my teachers, who taught me how to learn.
Ashley E. Maynard
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface xii Cultural FoCus: Incredible India! 10
Acknowledgments xxii HIstorICal FoCus: Ancient Conceptions of Human
Development 18
researCH FoCus: Darwin’s Diary 36
A Cultural
1
Approach to Child
Development 2 2 Genetics and Prenatal
Development 44
Human Development toDay
Section 1
anD itS originS 6
genetic influenceS
Section 1
Humanity Today: A Demographic Profile 6 on Development 47
Variations across countries 7
Variations within countries 11 Genetic Basics 47
Genotype and phenotype 47
The Origins of Human Diversity 12
The sex chromosomes 50
Evolution and the birth of culture 13
Human evolution and human development today 15 Genes and Environment in Human
Development 52
Principles of behavior genetics 52
tHeorieS of Human
Section 2 Gene–environment interactions: Epigenesis and reaction
Development 17
ranges 53
The theory of genotype (→) environment effects 54
Classic Theories 17
Genes and Individual Development 57
Psychodynamic theories 17
Sperm and egg formation 57
Behaviorism and learning theories 21
Conception 58
Constructivist theories 23
Recent Theories 26
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory 26 prenatal Development
Section 2
anD prenatal care 61
How we StuDy Human Prenatal Development 61
Section 3
Development 29
The germinal period (first 2 weeks) 61
The embryonic period (weeks 3–8) 62
The Scientific Study of Human The fetal period (week 9–birth) 63
Development 29
Prenatal Care 64
The five steps of the scientific method 29
Prenatal care in traditional cultures 64
Ethics in human development research 31
Scientifically based prenatal care 66
Methods and Designs in Research 32 Teratogens 68
Research methods 33
Research designs 38
v
vi Contents
Social and Emotional Aspects of Neonatal Care 121
SeCtion 3 pregnanCy probleMS 74
Crying and soothing 122
Bonding: Myth and truth 125
Postpartum depression 125
Risks in the Prenatal Period 74
Chromosomal disorders 74 Cultural FoCus: Easing Birth Among the Cuna Indians 99
Prenatal diagnosis 76 HIstorICal FoCus: The Tragic History of Doctor-Assisted Births
in the 19th Century 101
Infertility and Reproductive Technology 77
researCH FoCus: How Much Does Breast-Feeding Matter? 120
Causes of infertility 77
Infertility treatments 78
Infertility worldwide 80

Cultural FoCus: Oskar and Jack: A Story of Genes,
Environments, and Culture 56 4 Infancy 132
HIstorICal FoCus: How Are Babies Made? 80
researCH FoCus: The Human Genome Project 50
SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 135
3 Birth and the
Newborn Child 88
Growth and Change in Infancy 135
Bodily growth 135
Brain development 137
sleep changes 140
birtH anD itS CUltUral
SeCtion 1 Context 91 Infant Health 143
nutritional needs 143
The Birth Process 91 Infant mortality 144
stages of the birth process 91 Baby on the Move: Motor and Sensory
Birth complications 92 Development 147
Cultural and Historical Variations in Birth Beliefs Motor development 147
and Practices 94 sensory development 151
Variations in birth beliefs 95
Variations in birth practices 96
SeCtion 2 Cognitive DevelopMent 154
Variations on birth in the West 100
Cultural variations in neonatal and maternal mortality 103
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage 154
the sensorimotor substages 154
SeCtion 2 tHe neonate 106
Object permanence 155
Evaluating Piaget’s sensorimotor theory 156
The Neonate’s Health 106 Information Processing in Infancy 157
Measuring neonatal health 107 Attention 158
low birth weight 108 Memory 159
Physical Functioning of the Neonate 111 Assessing Infant Development 160
neonatal sleeping patterns 111 Approaches to assessing development 160
neonatal reflexes 112 Can media enhance cognitive development? the myth
neonatal senses 113 of “Baby Einstein” 161
The Beginnings of Language 162
SeCtion 3 Caring for tHe neonate 117 first sounds and words 162
Infant-directed (Id) speech 164
Nutrition: Is Breast Best? 117
Evolutionary and historical perspectives on breast-feeding 117
Benefits of breast-feeding 118
Contents vii
eMotional anD SoCial eMotional anD SoCial
SeCtion 3 SeCtion 3
DevelopMent 166 DevelopMent 208
Temperament 166 Emotional Development in Toddlerhood 208
Conceptualizing temperament: three approaches 166 toddlers’ emotions 208
Goodness-of-fit 169 the birth of the self 211
Gender identity and the biology of gender
Infants’ Emotions 169
development 212
Primary emotions 170
One Special Person: Attachment Theory
Infants’ emotional perceptions 171
and Research 214
The Social World of the Infant 172
Attachment theory 214
Cultural themes of infant social life 173
Quality of attachment 217
the foundation of social development: two theories 174
Critiques of attachment theory 220
Cultural FoCus: Infant Care in Rural Turkey 149
The Social World of the Toddler 223
HIstorICal FoCus: Protecting Infants the Puritan Way 146
the role of fathers 223
researCH FoCus: Measuring Temperament 168
the wider social world: siblings, peers, and friends 226
Autistic spectrum disorders: A disruption in social
development 228

Media use in toddlerhood 229
5
Toddlerhood 180
Cultural FoCus: Toddlerhood in Aboriginal Australia 225
HIstorICal FoCus: The History of Toilet Training 190
researCH FoCus: Early Child Care and Its Consequences 219
SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 183
6
Early Childhood 236
Growth and Change in Years 2 and 3 183
Bodily growth 183
Brain development 185
sleep and (more) teething 186
Motor development 187
SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 239
Socializing Physical Functions: Toilet Training
and Weaning 189
Growth From Age 3 to 6 239
toilet training 189
Weaning 191 Bodily growth 239
Brain development and “infantile” amnesia 240
health and safety in early childhood 241
SeCtion 2 Cognitive DevelopMent 194 Motor Development 245
Gross and fine motor skills 245
handedness 246
Cognitive Development Theories 194
Cognitive development in toddlerhood: Piaget’s theory 194
Vygotsky’s cultural theory of cognitive development 197
SeCtion 2 Cognitive DevelopMent 248
Language Development 199
the biological and evolutionary bases of language 199
Theories of Cognitive Development 248
Milestones of toddler language: from first words to
fluency 201 Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive
learning language in a social and cultural context 204 development 248
Understanding thinking: the development of “theory
of mind” 252
Cultural learning in early childhood 253
viii Contents
Early Childhood Education 254 Language Development 314
the importance of preschool quality 254 Vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics 314
Cross-national variations 256 Bilingualism 315
Preschool as a cognitive intervention 257
School in Middle Childhood 317
Language Development 259 Cultural variations in school experiences 317
Advances in vocabulary and grammar 259 learning the cognitive skills of school: reading
Pragmatics: social and cultural rules of language 260 and  mathematics 320
eMotional anD SoCial
SeCtion 3 eMotional anD SoCial
DevelopMent 262 SeCtion 3
DevelopMent 324
Emotional Regulation and Gender
Emotional and Self-Development 324
Socialization 262
smooth sailing: Advances in emotional self-regulation 324
Emotional regulation 262
self-understanding 325
Moral development 264
Gender development 327
Gender development 266
The Social and Cultural Contexts of Middle
Parenting 268
Childhood 329
Parenting “styles” 268
family relations 329
Parenting in other cultures 271
friends and peers 333
discipline and punishment 272
Work 337
The Child’s Expanding Social World 277 Media use 341
siblings and “only children” 278 Cultural FoCus: School Socialization in Guatemala 319
Peers and friends 279
HIstorICal FoCus: Work Among British Children
Media use in early childhood 284 in the 19th Century 340
Cultural FoCus: Shyness in China and Canada 282 researCH FoCus: TV or Not TV 343
HIstorICal FoCus: Beat a Child, Save a Soul 275
researCH FoCus: The Montessori Preschool Program 256

8
Adolescence 350

7
Middle Childhood 292
SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 354
SeCtion 1 pHySiCal DevelopMent 296 The Metamorphosis: Biological Changes
of Puberty 354
the physical changes of puberty 354
Growth in Middle Childhood 296
the timing of puberty 356
Physical growth and sensory development 296 Cultural responses: Puberty rituals 359
nutrition and malnutrition 297
Health Issues in Adolescence 360
Illness and injuries 299
Eating disorders 360
Motor Development 301
substance use 363
Gross motor development 301
fine motor development 302
SeCtion 2 Cognitive DevelopMent 366
Cognitive
SeCtion 2
DevelopMent 304 Piaget’s Theory of Formal Operations 366
hypothetical-deductive reasoning 366
Theories of Cognitive Development 304 Critiques of Piaget’s theory of formal operations 367
Concrete operations 304
Information processing 306
Intelligence and intelligence tests 309
Contents ix
Other Changes in Adolescent Thinking 368 Physical Changes of Emerging Adulthood 418
Information processing: Selective attention and The peak of physical functioning 418
metamemory 369 Sleep patterns and deficits 419
Social cognition: The imaginary audience and the personal
Risk Behavior and Health Issues 421
fable 369
Culture and cognition 371 Injuries and fatalities: Automobile accidents 421
Substance use and abuse 424
Adolescent Education and Work 372
Schools: Secondary education around the world 372
Adolescent work 375 Section 2 cognitive Development 428
emotional anD Social Postformal Thinking 428
Section 3
Development 378 Pragmatism 428
Reflective judgment 429
Emotional and Self-Development 378
Tertiary Education: College, University,
Emotionality in adolescence: Storm and stress? 378
and Training Programs 430
Self-development in adolescence 380
Cultural variations in tertiary education 432
Gender intensification in adolescence 381
The benefits of tertiary education 433
Cultural Beliefs: Morality and Religion 383
Moral development 383
emotional anD Social
Religious beliefs 386 Section 3
Development 436
The Social and Cultural Contexts
of Adolescence 387
Emotional and Self-Development 436
Family relationships 387
Self-esteem 436
Peers and friends 390
Identity development 437
Love and sexuality 394
Gender development: Cultural beliefs and stereotypes 443
Media use 397
Cultural Beliefs 445
Problems and Resilience 398
Religious development 445
Crime and delinquency 399
Political development 446
Depression 401
The Social and Cultural Contexts of Emerging
Resilience in adolescence 402
Adulthood 448
Cultural FoCus: Apprenticeships in Europe 376
Family relationships 448
HIstorICal FoCus: From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls 362
Friendships 450
researCH FoCus: The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents’
Love and sexuality 451
Family Lives 389
Finding adult work 456
Social uses of media 458
Cultural FoCus: The Young Men of Chuuk Lagoon 426
9 Emerging HIstorICal FoCus: Gender and Cognitive Development
in Emerging Adulthood 431
Adulthood 410
researCH FoCus: Graduated Driver Licensing 424
Practice Test Answer Key 466
Glossary 467
Section 1 pHySical Development 413 References 476
Credits 520
Name Index 522
The Emergence of Emerging Adulthood 413
Subject Index 529
Five features 415
The cultural context of emerging adulthood 417